The DOI matches its Crossref record; 58 of the 58 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Graphene Chemistry: Synthesis and Manipulation
Abstract
Monolayer graphene is a two-dimensional material with fascinating electrical and optical properties that has brought great possibilities and challenges to chemists. The possibilities include the many applications in which graphene could be exploited, and the challenges involve optimizing synthetic strategies and manipulating the structure and properties so that graphene can be used in those applications. Here, we cover a portion of the recent progress toward using chemical techniques to render graphene available for incorporation into electronic and optical devices. With top-down and bottom-up strategies, the geometry and thickness of graphene have been well-tuned. The methods for producing structure-doped materials, such as nitrogen doping and h -BNC hybrid structures, are discussed along with the properties of those doped materials. Finally, covalent functionalization of graphene’s surfaces and edges, such as hydrogenation and the diazonium and azide reactions, will be discussed as they have become powerful tools to modify the properties of graphene.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films
Novoselov, K. S., Geim, A. K., Morozov, S. V., Jiang, D., Zhang, Y., Dubonos, S. V., Grigorieva, I. V., & Firsov, A. A. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1102896 · Cited by 66,834
Geim, A. K., & Novoselov, K. S. (2007) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/nmat1849 · Cited by 39,979
Preparation of Graphitic Oxide
Hummers, W. S., & Offeman, R. E. (1958) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja01539a017 · Cited by 29,920
Graphene: Status and Prospects
Geim, A. K. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1158877 · Cited by 13,942
Synthesis of graphene-based nanosheets via chemical reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide
Stankovich, S., Dikin, D. A., Piner, R. D., Kohlhaas, K. A., Kleinhammes, A., Jia, Y., Wu, Y., Nguyen, S. T., & Ruoff, R. S. (2007) · Carbon · doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2007.02.034 · Cited by 13,878
Improved Synthesis of Graphene Oxide
Marcano, D. C., Kosynkin, D. V., Berlin, J. M., Sinitskii, A., Sun, Z., Slesarev, A., Alemany, L. B., Lu, W., & Tour, J. M. (2010) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/nn1006368 · Cited by 11,989
Self-citationLarge-Area Synthesis of High-Quality and Uniform Graphene Films on Copper Foils
Li, X., Cai, W., An, J., Kim, S., Nah, J., Yang, D., Piner, R., Velamakanni, A., Jung, I., Tutuc, E., et al. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1171245 · Cited by 11,220
Large-scale pattern growth of graphene films for stretchable transparent electrodes
Kim, K. S., Zhao, Y., Jang, H., Lee, S. Y., Kim, J. M., Kim, K. S., Ahn, J.-H., Kim, P., Choi, J.-Y., & Hong, B. H. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07719 · Cited by 10,452
Processable aqueous dispersions of graphene nanosheets
Li, D., Müller, M. B., Gilje, S., Kaner, R. B., & Wallace, G. G. (2008) · Nature Nanotechnology · doi:10.1038/nnano.2007.451 · Cited by 9,114
Roll-to-roll production of 30-inch graphene films for transparent electrodes
Bae, S., Kim, H., Lee, Y., Xu, X., Park, J.-S., Zheng, Y., Balakrishnan, J., Lei, T., Ri Kim, H., Song, Y. I., et al. (2010) · Nature Nanotechnology · doi:10.1038/nnano.2010.132 · Cited by 8,136
Detection of individual gas molecules adsorbed on graphene
Schedin, F., Geim, A. K., Morozov, S. V., Hill, E. W., Blake, P., Katsnelson, M. I., & Novoselov, K. S. (2007) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/nmat1967 · Cited by 8,028
Large Area, Few-Layer Graphene Films on Arbitrary Substrates by Chemical Vapor Deposition
Reina, A., Jia, X., Ho, J., Nezich, D., Son, H., Bulovic, V., Dresselhaus, M. S., & Kong, J. (2009) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/nl801827v · Cited by 5,881
Electronic Confinement and Coherence in Patterned Epitaxial Graphene
Berger, C., Song, Z., Li, X., Wu, X., Brown, N., Naud, C., Mayou, D., Li, T., Hass, J., Marchenkov, A. N., et al. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1125925 · Cited by 5,535
Schwierz, F. (2010) · Nature Nanotechnology · doi:10.1038/nnano.2010.89 · Cited by 5,267
Energy Gaps in Graphene Nanoribbons
Son, Y.-W., Cohen, M. L., & Louie, S. G. (2006) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.97.216803 · Cited by 5,080
Chemically Derived, Ultrasmooth Graphene Nanoribbon Semiconductors
Li, X., Wang, X., Zhang, L., Lee, S., & Dai, H. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1150878 · Cited by 4,790
Control of Graphene's Properties by Reversible Hydrogenation: Evidence for Graphane
Elias, D. C., Nair, R. R., Mohiuddin, T. M. G., Morozov, S. V., Blake, P., Halsall, M. P., Ferrari, A. C., Boukhvalov, D. W., Katsnelson, M. I., Geim, A. K., et al. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1167130 · Cited by 4,163
Atomically precise bottom-up fabrication of graphene nanoribbons
Cai, J., Ruffieux, P., Jaafar, R., Bieri, M., Braun, T., Blankenburg, S., Muoth, M., Seitsonen, A. P., Saleh, M., Feng, X., et al. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09211 · Cited by 3,689
Direct observation of a widely tunable bandgap in bilayer graphene
Zhang, Y., Tang, T.-T., Girit, C., Hao, Z., Martin, M. C., Zettl, A., Crommie, M. F., Shen, Y. R., & Wang, F. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08105 · Cited by 3,669
Longitudinal unzipping of carbon nanotubes to form graphene nanoribbons
Kosynkin, D. V., Higginbotham, A. L., Sinitskii, A., Lomeda, J. R., Dimiev, A., Price, B. K., & Tour, J. M. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07872 · Cited by 3,539
Self-citationControlling the Electronic Structure of Bilayer Graphene
Ohta, T., Bostwick, A., Seyller, T., Horn, K., & Rotenberg, E. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1130681 · Cited by 3,339
Transfer of Large-Area Graphene Films for High-Performance Transparent Conductive Electrodes
Li, X., Zhu, Y., Cai, W., Borysiak, M., Han, B., Chen, D., Piner, R. D., Colombo, L., & Ruoff, R. S. (2009) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/nl902623y · Cited by 3,081
Synthesis of N-Doped Graphene by Chemical Vapor Deposition and Its Electrical Properties
Wei, D., Liu, Y., Wang, Y., Zhang, H., Huang, L., & Yu, G. (2009) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/nl803279t · Cited by 3,074
New insights into the structure and reduction of graphite oxide
Gao, W., Alemany, L. B., Ci, L., & Ajayan, P. M. (2009) · Nature Chemistry · doi:10.1038/nchem.281 · Cited by 2,583
Narrow graphene nanoribbons from carbon nanotubes
Jiao, L., Zhang, L., Wang, X., Diankov, G., & Dai, H. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07919 · Cited by 2,441
Atomic layers of hybridized boron nitride and graphene domains
Ci, L., Song, L., Jin, C., Jariwala, D., Wu, D., Li, Y., Srivastava, A., Wang, Z. F., Storr, K., Balicas, L., et al. (2010) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/nmat2711 · Cited by 2,166
N-Doping of Graphene Through Electrothermal Reactions with Ammonia
Wang, X., Li, X., Zhang, L., Yoon, Y., Weber, P. K., Wang, H., Guo, J., & Dai, H. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1170335 · Cited by 2,152
Simultaneous Nitrogen Doping and Reduction of Graphene Oxide
Li, X., Wang, H., Robinson, J. T., Sanchez, H., Diankov, G., & Dai, H. (2009) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja907098f · Cited by 1,801
Evolution of Graphene Growth on Ni and Cu by Carbon Isotope Labeling
Li, X., Cai, W., Colombo, L., & Ruoff, R. S. (2009) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/nl902515k · Cited by 1,604
Bandgap opening in graphene induced by patterned hydrogen adsorption
Balog, R., Jørgensen, B., Nilsson, L., Andersen, M., Rienks, E., Bianchi, M., Fanetti, M., Lægsgaard, E., Baraldi, A., Lizzit, S., et al. (2010) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/nmat2710 · Cited by 1,502
Bai, J., Zhong, X., Jiang, S., Huang, Y., & Duan, X. (2010) · Nature Nanotechnology · doi:10.1038/nnano.2010.8 · Cited by 1,378
Oxidation Resistance of Graphene-Coated Cu and Cu/Ni Alloy
Chen, S., Brown, L., Levendorf, M., Cai, W., Ju, S.-Y., Edgeworth, J., Li, X., Magnuson, C. W., Velamakanni, A., Piner, R. D., et al. (2011) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/nn103028d · Cited by 1,374
Growth of graphene from solid carbon sources
Sun, Z., Yan, Z., Yao, J., Beitler, E., Zhu, Y., & Tour, J. M. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09579 · Cited by 1,363
Self-citationDiazonium Functionalization of Surfactant-Wrapped Chemically Converted Graphene Sheets
Lomeda, J. R., Doyle, C. D., Kosynkin, D. V., Hwang, W.-F., & Tour, J. M. (2008) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja806499w · Cited by 978
Self-citationGraphene Films with Large Domain Size by a Two-Step Chemical Vapor Deposition Process
Li, X., Magnuson, C. W., Venugopal, A., An, J., Suk, J. W., Han, B., Borysiak, M., Cai, W., Velamakanni, A., Zhu, Y., et al. (2010) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/nl101629g · Cited by 933
Chemical Modification of Epitaxial Graphene: Spontaneous Grafting of Aryl Groups
Bekyarova, E., Itkis, M. E., Ramesh, P., Berger, C., Sprinkle, M., de Heer, W. A., & Haddon, R. C. (2009) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja8057327 · Cited by 817
Substrate-Free Gas-Phase Synthesis of Graphene Sheets
Dato, A., Radmilovic, V., Lee, Z., Phillips, J., & Frenklach, M. (2008) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/nl8011566 · Cited by 745
Chemical Functionalization of Graphene with Defects
Boukhvalov, D. W., & Katsnelson, M. I. (2008) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/nl802234n · Cited by 662
Large-Scale Growth and Characterizations of Nitrogen-Doped Monolayer Graphene Sheets
Jin, Z., Yao, J., Kittrell, C., & Tour, J. M. (2011) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/nn200766e · Cited by 642
Self-citationLower-Defect Graphene Oxide Nanoribbons from Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes
Higginbotham, A. L., Kosynkin, D. V., Sinitskii, A., Sun, Z., & Tour, J. M. (2010) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/nn100118m · Cited by 585
Self-citationGrowth of Graphene from Food, Insects, and Waste
Ruan, G., Sun, Z., Peng, Z., & Tour, J. M. (2011) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/nn202625c · Cited by 532
Self-citationChemical Functionalization of Graphene with DefectsPreprint
Boukhvalov, D. W., & Katsnelson, M. I. (2016) · Cited by 501
Controllable graphene N-doping with ammonia plasma
Lin, Y.-C., Lin, C.-Y., & Chiu, P.-W. (2010) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.3368697 · Cited by 489
Wafer Scale Homogeneous Bilayer Graphene Films by Chemical Vapor Deposition
Lee, S., Lee, K., & Zhong, Z. (2010) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/nl1029978 · Cited by 442
Pan, Y., Zhang, H., Shi, D., Sun, J., Du, S., Liu, F., & Gao, H. (2009) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.200800761 · Cited by 428
Formation of Bilayer Bernal Graphene: Layer-by-Layer Epitaxy via Chemical Vapor Deposition
Yan, K., Peng, H., Zhou, Y., Li, H., & Liu, Z. (2011) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/nl104000b · Cited by 419
Rational Fabrication of Graphene Nanoribbons Using a Nanowire Etch Mask
Bai, J., Duan, X., & Huang, Y. (2009) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/nl900531n · Cited by 397
A direct transfer of layer-area graphene
Regan, W., Alem, N., Alemán, B., Geng, B., Girit, Ç., Maserati, L., Wang, F., Crommie, M., & Zettl, A. (2010) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.3337091 · Cited by 390
Kinetics of Diazonium Functionalization of Chemically Converted Graphene Nanoribbons
Sinitskii, A., Dimiev, A., Corley, D. A., Fursina, A. A., Kosynkin, D. V., & Tour, J. M. (2010) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/nn901899j · Cited by 367
Self-citationRational Design of Hybrid Graphene Films for High-Performance Transparent Electrodes
Zhu, Y., Sun, Z., Yan, Z., Jin, Z., & Tour, J. M. (2011) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/nn201696g · Cited by 303
Self-citationFew-layer graphene on SiC, pyrolitic graphite, and graphene: A Raman scattering study
Faugeras, C., Nerrière, A., Potemski, M., Mahmood, A., Dujardin, E., Berger, C., & de Heer, W. A. (2008) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.2828975 · Cited by 287
An Anisotropic Etching Effect in the Graphene Basal Plane
Yang, R., Zhang, L., Wang, Y., Shi, Z., Shi, D., Gao, H., Wang, E., & Zhang, G. (2010) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201000618 · Cited by 274
Enhancement of Chemical Activity in Corrugated Graphene
Boukhvalov, D. W., & Katsnelson, M. I. (2009) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry C · doi:10.1021/jp905702e · Cited by 244
Electronic Structure of Few-Layer Epitaxial Graphene on Ru(0001)
Sutter, P., Hybertsen, M. S., Sadowski, J. T., & Sutter, E. (2009) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/nl901040v · Cited by 238
Kosynkin, D. V., Lu, W., Sinitskii, A., Pera, G., Sun, Z., & Tour, J. M. (2011) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/nn102326c · Cited by 228
Self-citationSinitskii, A., & Tour, J. M. (2010) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja105426h · Cited by 180
Self-citationLim, H., Lee, J. S., Shin, H., Shin, H. S., & Choi, H. C. (2010) · Langmuir · doi:10.1021/la101254k · Cited by 103
Zhu, Y., Lu, W. D., Sun, Z., Kosynkin, D. V., Yao, J., & Tour, J. M. (2011) · Chemistry of Materials · doi:10.1021/cm1019553 · Cited by 22
Self-citation
Cited by
Graphene-based materials: Synthesis and gas sorption, storage and separation
Gadipelli, S., & Guo, Z. X. (2015) · Progress in Materials Science · doi:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2014.10.004 · Cited by 734
New Horizons for Diagnostics and Therapeutic Applications of Graphene and Graphene Oxide
Feng, L., Wu, L., & Qu, X. (2013) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201203229 · Cited by 632
3D Printable Graphene Composite
Wei, X., Li, D., Jiang, W., Gu, Z., Wang, X., Zhang, Z., & Sun, Z. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep11181 · Cited by 481
Self-citationHow Do the Electrical Properties of Graphene Change with its Functionalization?
Sreeprasad, T. S., & Berry, V. (2013) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.201202196 · Cited by 386
Metadata
- Authors
- Sun, Z., James, D. K., & Tour, J. M.
- Venue
- The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2011-09-09
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 19
- Pages
- 2425-2432
- ISSN
- 1948-7185 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1974048405
- Cited by
- 259
- References
- 58
- FWCI
- 15.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.