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Hydrogen-Treated TiO2 Nanowire Arrays for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
Abstract
We report the first demonstration of hydrogen treatment as a simple and effective strategy to fundamentally improve the performance of TiO(2) nanowires for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. Hydrogen-treated rutile TiO(2) (H:TiO(2)) nanowires were prepared by annealing the pristine TiO(2) nanowires in hydrogen atmosphere at various temperatures in a range of 200-550 °C. In comparison to pristine TiO(2) nanowires, H:TiO(2) samples show substantially enhanced photocurrent in the entire potential window. More importantly, H:TiO(2) samples have exceptionally low photocurrent saturation potentials of -0.6 V vs Ag/AgCl (0.4 V vs RHE), indicating very efficient charge separation and transportation. The optimized H:TiO(2) nanowire sample yields a photocurrent density of ∼1.97 mA/cm(2) at -0.6 V vs Ag/AgCl, in 1 M NaOH solution under the illumination of simulated solar light (100 mW/cm(2) from 150 W xenon lamp coupled with an AM 1.5G filter). This photocurrent density corresponds to a solar-to-hydrogen (STH) efficiency of ∼1.63%. After eliminating the discrepancy between the irradiance of the xenon lamp and solar light, by integrating the incident-photon-to-current-conversion efficiency (IPCE) spectrum of the H:TiO(2) nanowire sample with a standard AM 1.5G solar spectrum, the STH efficiency is calculated to be ∼1.1%, which is the best value for a TiO(2) photoanode. IPCE analyses confirm the photocurrent enhancement is mainly due to the improved photoactivity of TiO(2) in the UV region. Hydrogen treatment increases the donor density of TiO(2) nanowires by 3 orders of magnitudes, via creating a high density of oxygen vacancies that serve as electron donors. Similar enhancements in photocurrent were also observed in anatase H:TiO(2) nanotubes. The capability of making highly photoactive H:TiO(2) nanowires and nanotubes opens up new opportunities in various areas, including PEC water splitting, dye-sensitized solar cells, and photocatalysis.
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Citations
Cites
Electrochemical Photolysis of Water at a Semiconductor Electrode
FUJISHIMA, A., & HONDA, K. (1972) · Nature · doi:10.1038/238037a0 · Cited by 34,169
Cited by
Chang, Y., Lin, C., Chen, T., Hsu, C., Lee, Y., Zhang, W., Wei, K., & Li, L. (2013) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201202920 · Cited by 744
Tuning defects in oxides at room temperature by lithium reduction
Ou, G., Xu, Y., Wen, B., Lin, R., Ge, B., Tang, Y., Liang, Y., Yang, C., Huang, K., Zu, D., et al. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-03765-0 · Cited by 722
Self-citationWang, Z., Yang, C., Lin, T., Yin, H., Chen, P., Wan, D., Xu, F., Huang, F., Lin, J., Xie, X., et al. (2013) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.201300486 · Cited by 719
Kovačič, Ž., Likozar, B., & Huš, M. (2020) · ACS Catalysis · doi:10.1021/acscatal.0c02557 · Cited by 474
Tan, H. L., Amal, R., & Ng, Y. H. (2017) · Journal of Materials Chemistry A · doi:10.1039/c7ta04441k · Cited by 459
Metadata
- Authors
- Wang, G., Wang, H., Ling, Y., Tang, Y., Yang, X., Fitzmorris, R. C., Wang, C., Zhang, J. Z., & Li, Y.
- Venue
- Nano Letters
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2011-06-28
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 3026-3033
- ISSN
- 1530-6984 (ISSN-L)
- 1530-6992
- OpenAlex
- W1980968412
- Cited by
- 2,566
- References
- 1
- FWCI
- 56.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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