The DOI matches its Crossref record; 40 of the 41 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Immunogold study of interendothelial junction-associated and glucose transporter proteins during postnatal maturation of the mouse blood-brain barrier
Abstract
The distribution of glucose transporter (GLUT-1) and of interendothelial junction-associated proteins--zonula occludens protein (ZO-1), occludin, and beta-catenin--was studied using quantitative immunogold procedure. Lowicryl K4M-embedded samples of the cerebral cortex of 1-, 7-, and 14-day-, and 6-week-old (young-adult) mice were used. Ultrathin sections were exposed to specific rabbit polyclonal antibodies followed by colloidal gold-labelled secondary antibodies. We found that the density of immunosignals for GLUT-1 in both luminal and abluminal plasma membranes of the endothelial cells, and those closely related to the interendothelial junctions was low in blood microvessels from newborn mice, dropped slightly at the 7th day, and increased through the 14th day to the level of mature blood-brain barrier (BBB) observed in 6-week-old mice. The expression of ZO-1 was high in newborn mice and increased at the 7th day to the level similar to that found in 14-day- and 6-week-old mice. The expression of occludin was less intense than that of ZO-1 and increased from birth, reaching at the 14th day the level typical for mature BBB found in young-adult animals. The immunosignals for occludin were sparsely distributed inside the junctional clefts. Such a distribution indicates that the tight junctional characteristics are limited to a few short segments of the entire interendothelial cleft. The density of immunosignals for beta-catenin was lowest, and it had the tendency to a gradual,…
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Taken together, the findings point to a selective suppression in cholesterol synthesis in the developing brain starting at about the time that closure of the blood brain barrier is purported to occur in the mouse.
“Taken together then, all these findings point to a selective suppression in cholesterol synthesis in the developing brain starting at about the time that closure of the blood brain barrier is purported to occur in the mouse (Vorbrodt et al., 2001).”
From Suppression of brain cholesterol synthesis in male Mecp2-deficient mice is age dependent and not accompanied by a concurrent change in the rate of fatty acid synthesis (2017) · cites this paper as Vorbrodt et al., 2001
Citations
Cites
Stevenson, B. R., Siliciano, J. D., Mooseker, M. S., & Goodenough, D. A. (1986) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.103.3.755 · Cited by 1,640
Fanning, A. S., Jameson, B. J., Jesaitis, L. A., & Anderson, J. M. (1998) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.273.45.29745 · Cited by 1,432
Martín-Padura, I., Lostaglio, S., Schneemann, M., Williams, L., Romano, M., Fruscella, P., Panzeri, C., Stoppacciaro, A., Ruco, L., Villa, A., et al. (1998) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.142.1.117 · Cited by 1,387
Furuse, M., Itoh, M., Hirase, T., Nagafuchi, A., Yonemura, S., Tsukita, S., & Tsukita, S. (1994) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.127.6.1617 · Cited by 965
Morita, K., Sasaki, H., Furuse, M., & Tsukita, S. (1999) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.147.1.185 · Cited by 867
Molecular physiology and pathophysiology of tight junctions in the blood–brain barrier
Huber, J. D., Egleton, R. D., & Davis, T. P. (2001) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(00)02004-x · Cited by 790
Occludin as a possible determinant of tight junction permeability in endothelial cells
Hirase, T., Staddon, J. M., Saitou, M., Ando‐Akatsuka, Y., Itoh, M., Furuse, M., Fujimoto, K., Tsukita, S., & Rubin, L. L. (1997) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.110.14.1603 · Cited by 647
Occludin is a functional component of the tight junction
McCarthy, K. M., Skare, I. B., Stankewich, M. C., Furuse, M., Tsukita, S., Rogers, R. A., Lynch, R. D., & Schneeberger, E. E. (1996) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.109.9.2287 · Cited by 640
Saitou, M., Fujimoto, K., Doi, Y., Itoh, M., Fujimoto, T., Furuse, M., Takano, H., Noda, T., & Tsukita, S. (1998) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.141.2.397 · Cited by 548
Human junction adhesion molecule regulates tight junction resealing in epithelia
Liu, Y., Nusrat, A., Schnell, F. J., Reaves, T. A., Walsh, S. V., Pochet, M., & Parkos, C. A. (2000) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.113.13.2363 · Cited by 525
The Transcriptional Coactivator Cbp Interacts with β-Catenin to Activate Gene Expression
Takemaru, K., & Moon, R. T. (2000) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.149.2.249 · Cited by 481
Bazzoni, G., Martínez-Estrada, O. M., Orsenigo, F., Cordenonsi, M., Citi, S., & Dejana, E. (2000) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m905251199 · Cited by 480
The p120 catenin family: Complex roles in adhesion, signaling and cancer
Anastasiadis, P. Z., & Reynolds, A. B. (2000) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.113.8.1319 · Cited by 433
Bolton, S. J., Anthony, D. C., & Perry, V. H. (1998) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(98)00058-x · Cited by 376
Folia Histochemica et Cytobiologica
(2012) · Folia Histochemica et Cytobiologica · doi:10.5603/fhc · Cited by 315
Farrell, C. L., & Pardridge, W. M. (1991) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.88.13.5779 · Cited by 314
Koh, T. J., Bulitta, C. J., Fleming, J. V., Dockray, G. J., Varró, A., & Wang, T. C. (2000) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci9476 · Cited by 208
Glucose transporter localization in brain using light and electron immunocytochemistry
Gerhart, D. Z., Levasseur, R. J., Broderius, M. A., & Drewes, L. R. (1989) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.490220413 · Cited by 202
The molecular organization of tight junctions.
Citi, S. (1993) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.121.3.485 · Cited by 198
Kang, D. E., Soriano, S., Frosch, M. P., Collins, T., Naruse, S., Sisodia, S. S., Leibowitz, G., Levine, F., & Koo, E. H. (1999) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.19-11-04229.1999 · Cited by 194
Stewart, P. A., & Hayakawa, E. M. (1987) · Developmental Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0165-3806(87)90107-6 · Cited by 169
Schulze, C., & Firth, J. A. (1993) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.104.3.773 · Cited by 159
Lippoldt, A., Kniesel, U., Liebner, S., Kalbacher, H., Kirsch, T., Wolburg, H., & Haller, H. G. (2000) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(00)02954-1 · Cited by 127
Blankesteijn, W. M., van Gijn, M. E., Essers, Y. P. G., Daemen, M. J. A. P., & Smits, J. F. M. (2000) · American Journal Of Pathology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64601-9 · Cited by 111
Schulze, C., & Firth, J. A. (1992) · Developmental Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0165-3806(92)90125-g · Cited by 111
Ketone bodies serve as important precursors of brain lipids in the developing rat
Yeh, Y., Streuli, V. L., & Zee, P. (1977) · Lipids · doi:10.1007/bf02533318 · Cited by 103
VORBRODT, A. W., Lossinsky, A. S., & Wı́sniewski, H. M. (1986) · Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1159/000112236 · Cited by 90
Self-citationRegulation of the Glucose Transporter in Developing Rat Brain*
Sivitz, W. I., DeSautel, S. L., Walker, P. S., & Pessin, J. E. (1989) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-124-4-1875 · Cited by 80
Cornford, E. M., Hyman, S., & Pardridge, W. M. (1993) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.1993.106 · Cited by 65
Dobrogowska, D. H., & VORBRODT, A. W. (1999) · Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry · doi:10.1177/002215549904700806 · Cited by 57
Self-citationBolz, S., Farrell, C. L., Dietz, K., & Wolburg, H. (1996) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/s004410050596 · Cited by 53
Virgintino, D., Robertson, D. M., Benagiano, V., Errede, M., Bertossi, M., Ambrosi, G., & Roncali, L. (2000) · Developmental Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-3806(00)00086-9 · Cited by 51
Developmental expression of ZO-1 antigen in the mouse blood–brain barrier
Nico, B., Quondamatteo, F., Herken, R., Marzullo, A., Corsi, P., Bertossi, M., Russo, G., Ribatti, D., & Roncali, L. (1999) · Developmental Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-3806(99)00008-5 · Cited by 44
VORBRODT, A. W., & Dobrogowska, D. H. (1994) · PubMed · Cited by 36
Self-citationThe role of non-lamellar lipid structures in the formation of tight junctions
Wegener, J., & Galla, H. (1996) · Chemistry and Physics of Lipids · doi:10.1016/0009-3084(96)02585-6 · Cited by 35
VORBRODT, A. W., Dobrogowska, D. H., Meeker, H. C., & Carp, R. I. (1999) · Journal of Neurocytology · doi:10.1023/a:1007034003114 · Cited by 32
Self-citationSequential appearance of anionic domains in the developing blood-brain barrier
VORBRODT, A. W., Lossinsky, A. S., Dobrogowska, D. H., & Wı́sniewski, H. M. (1990) · Developmental Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0165-3806(90)90219-o · Cited by 27
Self-citationDevelopmental modulation of blood-brain-barrier glucose transport in the rabbit
Cornford, E. M., Hyman, S., & Landaw, E. M. (1994) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(94)90457-x · Cited by 24
Molecular dissection of tight junctions: occludin and ZO-1
Tsukita, S., Furuse, M., & Itoh, M. (1998) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511570216.035 · Cited by 11
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 41 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Vorbrodt, A. W. (1993) Morphological evidence of the functional polarization of brain microvascular endothelium. In The Blood-Brain Barrier (edited by PARDRIDGE, W. M.) pp. 137–164. New York: Raven Press.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Glucose transporters in brain in health and disease
Koepsell, H. (2020) · Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00424-020-02441-x · Cited by 558
Vorbrodt, A. W., & Dobrogowska, D. H. (2003) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0165-0173(03)00177-2 · Cited by 293
Self-citationThe role of glucose transporters in brain disease: Diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease
Shah, K., DeSilva, S., & Abbruscato, T. (2012) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms131012629 · Cited by 288
Biology of Vascular Malformations of the Brain
Leblanc, G. G., Golanov, E. V., Awad, I. A., Young, W. L., & Collaborators, B. O. V. M. O. T. B. N. W. (2009) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.109.563692 · Cited by 263
Roberts, L. M., Black, D. S., Raman, C., Woodford, K., Zhou, M., Haggerty, J. E., Yan, A. T., Cwirla, S. E., & Grindstaff, K. K. (2008) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.06.015 · Cited by 240
O’Carroll, S. J., Kho, D. T., Wiltshire, R., Nelson, V., Mugisho, O. O., Johnson, R. H., Angel, C. E., & Graham, E. S. (2015) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-015-0346-0 · Cited by 218
Glucose Transporters in Brain: In Health and in Alzheimer’s Disease
Szablewski, L. (2016) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-160841 · Cited by 211
Nanoscale drug delivery systems and the blood–brain barrier
Khalin, I., Alyautdin, R., Ismail, N. M., Haron, M. H., & Kuznetsov, D. (2014) · International Journal of Nanomedicine · doi:10.2147/ijn.s52236 · Cited by 204
Immunolocalization of tight junction proteins in the adult and developing human brain
Virgintino, D., Errede, M., Robertson, D. M., Capobianco, C., Girolamo, F., Vimercati, A., Bertossi, M., & Roncali, L. (2004) · Histochemistry and Cell Biology · doi:10.1007/s00418-004-0665-1 · Cited by 145
Gazzin, S., Strazielle, N., Schmitt, C., Fèvre‐Montange, M., Ostrow, J. D., Tiribelli, C., & Ghersi‐Egea, J. (2008) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.21808 · Cited by 144
Cornford, E. M., & Hyman, S. (2004) · NeuroRx · doi:10.1602/neurorx.2.1.27 · Cited by 132
Benton, R. L., Maddie, M. A., Minnillo, D. R., Hagg, T., & Whittemore, S. R. (2007) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.21570 · Cited by 112
Apicobasal polarity of brain endothelial cells
Worzfeld, T., & Schwaninger, M. (2015) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1177/0271678x15608644 · Cited by 104
The role of tanycytes in hypothalamic glucosensing
Elizondo-Vega, R. J., Cortés‐Campos, C., Barahona, M. J., Oyarce, K., Pardo, C. C., & García, M. D. L. Á. (2015) · Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1111/jcmm.12590 · Cited by 113
Glucose transport to the brain: A systems model
Qutub, A. A., & Hunt, C. A. (2005) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2005.03.002 · Cited by 100
Gene delivery to the spinal cord using MRI-guided focused ultrasound
Weber‐Adrian, D., Thévenot, E., O'Reilly, M. A., Oakden, W., Akens, M. K., Ellens, N. P. K., Markham-Coultes, K., Burgess, A., Finkelstein, J. A., Yee, A., et al. (2015) · Gene Therapy · doi:10.1038/gt.2015.25 · Cited by 95
Molecular anatomy of interendothelial junctions in human blood-brain barrier microvessels.
VORBRODT, A. W., & Dobrogowska, D. H. (2004) · PubMed · doi:10.5603/4660 · Cited by 69
Self-citationGlial Glucokinase Expression in Adult and Post-Natal Development of the Hypothalamic Region
Millán, C., Martínez, F., Cortés‐Campos, C., Lizama, I., Yañez, M. J., Llanos, P., Reinicke, K., Rodríguez, F., Peruzzo, B., Nualart, F., et al. (2010) · ASN NEURO · doi:10.1042/an20090059 · Cited by 58
Dobrogowska, D. H., & VORBRODT, A. W. (2004) · The Histochemical Journal · doi:10.1007/10.1007/s10735-004-1318-3 · Cited by 55
Self-citationYoung, P. P., Fantz, C. R., & Sands, M. S. (2004) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2004.03.007 · Cited by 41
d’Hellencourt, C. L., & Harry, G. J. (2005) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.03017.x · Cited by 38
Schneider, H., Errede, M., Ulrich, N. H.-B., Virgintino, D., Frei, K., & Bertalanffy, H. (2011) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/nen.0b013e31821bc40e · Cited by 37
Blood–brain interfaces and cerebral drug bioavailability
Ghersi‐Egea, J., Mönkkönen, K., Schmitt, C., Honnorat, J., Fèvre‐Montange, M., & Strazielle, N. (2009) · Revue Neurologique · doi:10.1016/j.neurol.2009.09.011 · Cited by 38
Immunolocalization of tight junction proteins in blood vessels in human germinal matrix and cortex
Anstrom, J. A., Thore, C. R., Moody, D. M., & Brown, W. R. (2006) · Histochemistry and Cell Biology · doi:10.1007/s00418-006-0232-z · Cited by 31
Zhao, L., Geng, T., Sun, K., Su, S., Zhao, Y., Bao, N., Pan, L., Sun, H., & Li, M. (2020) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.235 · Cited by 29
Frahm, K., & Tobet, S. A. (2014) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-014-0787-8 · Cited by 31
Lopez, A. M., Chuang, J.-C., Posey, K. S., & Turley, S. D. (2017) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2016.10.021 · Cited by 24
Ren, X., Yao, L., Pan, J., Zhang, J., Mei, L., Wang, Y.-G., & Xiong, W. (2021) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105339 · Cited by 24
Alzheimer’s disease, brain immune privilege and memory: a hypothesis
Arshavsky, Y. I. (2006) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-006-0524-4 · Cited by 23
Suzuki, T., Matsunami, T., Hisa, Y., Takata, K., Takamatsu, T., & Oyamada, M. (2008) · Histochemistry and Cell Biology · doi:10.1007/s00418-008-0502-z · Cited by 23
Nunes, A. R., Alves, M., Moreira, P., Oliveira, P., & Silva, B. (2014) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x13666141204220539 · Cited by 20
Cho, S. Y., Lee, J., Ko, A., Kwak, M. J., Kim, S., Sohn, Y. B., Park, S. W., & Jin, D. (2015) · Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases · doi:10.1186/s13023-015-0356-0 · Cited by 21
Matsunami, T., Suzuki, T., Hisa, Y., Takata, K., Takamatsu, T., & Oyamada, M. (2006) · Cell Communication & Adhesion · doi:10.1080/15419060600631805 · Cited by 20
Multiple Antenatal Dexamethasone Treatment Alters Brain Vessel Differentiation in Newborn Mouse Pups
Neuhaus, W., Schlundt, M., Fehrholz, M., Ehrke, A., Kunzmann, S., Liebner, S., Speer, C. P., & Förster, C. Y. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0136221 · Cited by 16
Pathogenesis of non-hereditary brain arteriovenous malformation and therapeutic implications
Ota, T., & Komiyama, M. (2020) · Interventional Neuroradiology · doi:10.1177/1591019920901931 · Cited by 14
VORBRODT, A. W., Dobrogowska, D. H., Tarnawski, M. J., Meeker, H. C., & Carp, R. I. (2006) · Journal of Molecular Histology · doi:10.1007/s10735-006-9026-9 · Cited by 12
Self-citationStonestreet, B. S., Sadowska, G. B., Hanumara, R. C., Petrache, M., Petersson, K. H., & Patlak, C. S. (2011) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2011.114 · Cited by 10
Ota, T. (2024) · Journal of Neuroendovascular Therapy · doi:10.5797/jnet.ra.2024-0008 · Cited by 8
Cornford, E. M., & Hyman, S. (2005) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/bf03206640 · Cited by 7
Dobrogowska, D. H., & VORBRODT, A. W. (2004) · Journal of Molecular Histology · doi:10.1023/b:hijo.0000045969.52516.59 · Cited by 6
Self-citationOliveira, A., Azevedo, M., Seixas, R., Silva, S. R. M. R., Martinho, R., Serrão, P., Silva, E., & Moreira-Rodrigues, M. (2025) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2025.110382 · Cited by 2
Glycemia in Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Clinical Implications
Alvis-Miranda, H. R., Alcalá‐Cerra, G., & Moscote‐Salazar, L. R. (2014) · Romanian Neurosurgery · doi:10.2478/romneu-2014-0043 · Cited by 3
The mechanisms in glucose metabolism of aging hippocampus
He, R., Zhao, F., Yang, Z., Wang, T., Zhang, Y., Quan, J., & Zhu, G. (2025) · Ibrain · doi:10.1002/ibra.12201 · Cited by 1
Pathophysiological Principles of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations
Al-Awar, O., & Patel, U. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-63964-2_5
Weber‐Adrian, D. (2017) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
Serrano, C. (2020) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/78f0fd9ez9539z4840z8e1dz06c913388dc3
Teleanu, R. I., Bratu, A. G., Niculescu, A.-G., Perjoc, R., Roza, E., Teleanu, D. M., Vladâcenco, O. A., Cojocaru, A.-M., Grumezescu, A. M., & Pintilie, I. M. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27198727
Metadata
- Authors
- Vorbrodt, A. W., Dobrogowska, D. H., & Tarnawski, M.
- Affiliations
- New York State Office for People With Developmental Disabilities (US)
- Corresponding author
- Dobrogowska, D.H.
- Venue
- Journal of Neurocytology
- Published
- 2001-08
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 705-716
- ISSN
- 0300-4864 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-7381
- OpenAlex
- W329210630
- Cited by
- 47
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 4 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 4 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 1.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neurocytology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Barrier Structure and Function Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Drug Transport and Resistance Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Ion Transport and Channel Regulation
- Keywords
- postnatal development, GLUT1, glucose transporters, tight junction proteins, zonula occludens-1, occludin, β-catenin, endothelial junctions, cerebral microvasculature, endothelial cells, neonatal mice, cerebral cortex
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Animals, Newborn, Blood-Brain Barrier, Cell Membrane, Cerebral Arteries, Cerebral Cortex, Cytoplasm, Cytoskeletal Proteins, Endothelium, Vascular, Female, Immunohistochemistry, Male, Membrane Proteins, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Microscopy, Electron, Monosaccharide Transport Proteins, Phosphoproteins, Trans-Activators, Tight Junctions, beta Catenin, Glucose Transporter Type 1, Mice, Occludin, Zonula Occludens-1 Protein
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
