Blood-brain barrier glucose transporter is asymmetrically distributed on brain capillary endothelial lumenal and ablumenal membranes: an electron microscopic immunogold study.
Open accessAbstract
It is generally assumed that there is symmetric distribution of the glucose transporter on the lumenal and ablumenal membranes of the brain capillary endothelial cell that makes up the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in vivo. However, the presence of brain endothelial tight junctions allows for asymmetric distribution of BBB plasma membrane proteins. Glucose transporter isoform 1 (GLUT-1), the principal glucose transporter at the BBB, was assessed in rat brain in the present studies using immunogold electron microscopy. The distribution of the immunoreactive GLUT-1 protein on the endothelial lumenal membrane, the ablumenal membrane, and the cytoplasmic compartment was 12%, 48%, and 40%, respectively, and no significant immunolabeling of the neuropil was measurable. These studies suggest (i) that GLUT-1 is asymmetrically distributed on the BBB plasma membrane with an approximately 4-fold greater abundance on the ablumenal membrane as compared to the lumenal membrane; (ii) that approximately 40% of the endothelial glucose transporter protein is contained within the cytoplasmic space, which provides a mechanism for rapid up-regulation of the transporter by altered distribution of transporter between cytoplasmic and plasma membrane compartments; and (iii) that no significant labeling of neuropil is found with antisera directed against the GLUT-1 protein. These studies also suggest mechanisms of regulation of glucose transport from blood to brain that involve differential distribution of the BBB glucose transporter in subcellular compartments of brain capillary endothelial cells.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Early immunogold electron microscopic studies have shown greater density of GLUT1 transporters on the abluminal endothelial membrane compared with the luminal membrane.
“Early immunogold electron microscopic studies have shown greater density of GLUT1 transporters on the abluminal endothelial membrane compared with the luminal membrane (171, 542).”
From Blood-Brain Barrier: From Physiology to Disease and Back (2019) · cites this paper as [171]
Cites
Brain uptake of radiolabeled amino acids, amines, and hexoses after arterial injection
Oldendorf, W. (1971) · American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content · doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1971.221.6.1629 · Cited by 1,691 · see citing works
Sequence and Structure of a Human Glucose Transporter
Mueckler, M. M., Caruso, C., Baldwin, S. A., Panico, M., Blench, I., Morris, H. R., Allard, W. J., Lienhard, G. E., & Lodish, H. F. (1985) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.3839598 · Cited by 1,529 · see citing works
Molecular Biology of Mammalian Glucose Transporters
Bell, G. I., Kayano, T., Buse, J. B., Burant, C. F., Takeda, J., Lin, D., Fukumoto, H., & Seino, S. (1990) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.13.3.198 · Cited by 853 · see citing works
Brain metabolism: a perspective from the blood-brain barrier
Pardridge, W. M. (1983) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.1983.63.4.1481 · Cited by 743 · see citing works
Self-citationPardridge, W. M., Boado, R. J., & Farrell, C. R. (1990) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)38267-x · Cited by 606 · see citing works
Self-citationCloning and characterization of a cDNA encoding the rat brain glucose-transporter protein.
Birnbaum, M. J., Haspel, H. C., & Rosen, O. M. (1986) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.83.16.5784 · Cited by 545 · see citing works
Facilitated transfer of glucose from blood into brain tissue.
Crone, C. G. (1965) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1965.sp007748 · Cited by 443 · see citing works
Polarity of the Blood-Brain Barrier: Neutral Amino Acid Transport into Isolated Brain Capillaries
Betz, A. L., & Goldstein, G. W. (1978) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.211586 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Morphology of blood-brain interfaces
Brightman, M. (1977) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/s0014-4835(77)80008-0 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Comparison of in vitro and in vivo models of drug transcytosis through the blood-brain barrier.
Pardridge, W. M., Triguero, D., Yang, J., & Cancilla, P. A. (1990) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(25)13060-7 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Self-citationKinetics of blood-brain barrier transport of hexoses
Pardridge, W. M., & Oldendorf, W. H. (1975) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes · doi:10.1016/0005-2736(75)90279-5 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Self-citationGlucose transporter localization in brain using light and electron immunocytochemistry
Gerhart, D. Z., Levasseur, R. J., Broderius, M. A., & Drewes, L. R. (1989) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.490220413 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Distribution of glucose transporter messenger RNA transcripts in tissues of rat and man.
Flier, J. S., Mueckler, M. M., McCall, A. L., & Lodish, H. F. (1987) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci112864 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Downregulation of Blood-Brain Barrier Glucose Transporter in Experimental Diabetes
Pardridge, W. M., Triguero, D., & Farrell, C. R. (1990) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.39.9.1040 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Self-citationBlok, J., Gibbs, E. M., Lienhard, G. E., Slot, J. W., & Geuze, H. J. (1988) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.106.1.69 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
The glucose transporter of the human brain and blood‐brain barrier
Kalaria, R. N., Gravina, S. A., Schmidley, J. W., Perry, G. L., & Harik, S. I. (1988) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410240610 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Cerebral glucose transport and oxygen consumption in sheep and rabbits
Pappenheimer, J. R., & Setchell, B. P. (1973) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1973.sp010322 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
The brain-type glucose transporter mRNA is specifically expressed at the blood-brain barrier
Boado, R. J., & Pardridge, W. M. (1990) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/0006-291x(90)91927-k · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Self-citationGlucose Availability to Individual Cerebral Structures Is Correlated to Glucose Metabolism
Hawkins, R. A., Mans, A. M., Davis, D. W., Hibbard, L. S., & Lu, D. M. (1983) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1983.tb08086.x · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Reduced beta-cell glucose transporter in new onset diabetic BB rats.
Orci, L., Unger, R. H., Ravazzola, M., Ogawa, A., Komiya, I., Baetens, D., Lodish, H. F., & Thorens, B. (1990) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci114883 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Estimates of Michaelis-Menten Constants for the Two Membranes of the Brain Endothelium
GJEDDE, A. H., & Christensen, O. (1984) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.1984.33 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Cellular stress induces a redistribution of the glucose transporter
Widnell, C. C., Baldwin, S. A., Davies, A., Martin, S., & Pasternak, C. A. (1990) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fasebj.4.6.2156742 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Regional Blood—Brain Glucose Transfer in the Rat: A Novel Double-Membrane Kinetic Analysis
Cunningham, V. J., Hargreaves, R. J., Pelling, D., & Moorhouse, S. R. (1986) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.1986.53 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Bagley, P. R., Tucker, S. P., Nolan, C. C., LINDSAY, J. G., Davies, A., Baldwin, S. A., Cremer, J. E., & Cunningham, V. J. (1989) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(89)90769-5 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Ramlal, T., Sarabia, V., Bilan, P. J., & Klip, A. (1988) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/s0006-291x(88)81020-9 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
VORBRODT, A. W. (1987) · Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry · doi:10.1177/35.11.3655325 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Red blood cell as glucose carrier: significance for placental and cerebral glucose transfer
Jacquez, J. A. (1984) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1984.246.3.r289 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Knudsen, G. M., Pettigrew, K. D., Paulson, O. B., Hertz, M. M., & Patlak, C. S. (1990) · Microvascular Research · doi:10.1016/0026-2862(90)90057-x · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Photoaffinity labeling of the human erythrocyte glucose transporter with 8-azidoadenosine.
Jarvis, S. M., Young, J. D., Wu, J. S. R., Belt, J. A., & Paterson, A. R. P. (1986) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)67350-8 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Andersson, L., & Lundahl, P. (1988) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)37972-9 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Measurement of Cerebral Glucose Utilization Using Washout After Carotid Injection in the Rat
Oldendorf, W. H., Pardridge, W. M., Braun, L. D., & Crane, P. D. (1982) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1982.tb07920.x · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationVogt, B., Mushack, J., Seffer, E., & Häring, H.-U. (1990) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/0006-291x(90)91141-e · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Blood-Brain Barrier: From Physiology to Disease and Back
Sweeney, M. D., Zhao, Z., Montagne, A., Nelson, A. R., & Zlokovic, B. V. (2019) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00050.2017 · Cited by 2,294 · see citing works
Drug Transport across the Blood–Brain Barrier
Pardridge, W. M. (2012) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2012.126 · Cited by 1,994 · see citing works
Self-citationSupply and demand in cerebral energy metabolism: the role of nutrient transporters
Simpson, I. A., Carruthers, A., & Vannucci, S. J. (2007) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600521 · Cited by 812 · see citing works
BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER DRUG TARGETING: THE FUTURE OF BRAIN DRUG DEVELOPMENT
Pardridge, W. M. (2003) · Molecular Interventions · doi:10.1124/mi.3.2.90 · Cited by 713 · see citing works
Self-citationMolecular pathophysiology of cerebral edema
Stokum, J. A., Gerzanich, V., & Simard, J. M. (2015) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1177/0271678x15617172 · Cited by 596 · see citing works
Glucose transporters in brain in health and disease
Koepsell, H. (2020) · Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00424-020-02441-x · Cited by 558 · see citing works
CSF, blood-brain barrier, and brain drug delivery
Pardridge, W. M. (2016) · Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery · doi:10.1517/17425247.2016.1171315 · Cited by 508 · see citing works
Self-citationStructural and functional aspects of the blood-brain barrier
Begley, D. J., & Brightman, M. (2003) · Birkhäuser Basel eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-0348-8049-7_2 · Cited by 452 · see citing works
Brain endothelial cells and the glio-vascular complex
Wolburg, H., Noell, S., Mack, A., Wolburg-Buchholz, K., & Fallier-Becker, P. (2009) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/s00441-008-0658-9 · Cited by 438 · see citing works
The role of shear stress in Blood-Brain Barrier endothelial physiology
Cucullo, L., Hossain, M., Puvenna, V., Marchi, N., & Janigro, D. (2011) · BMC Neuroscience · doi:10.1186/1471-2202-12-40 · Cited by 437 · see citing works
Regulation of Amino Acid and Glucose Transporters in Endothelial and Smooth Muscle Cells
Mann, G. E., Yudilevich, D. L., & Sobrevia, L. (2003) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00022.2002 · Cited by 430 · see citing works
The Blood-Brain Barrier in Neuroinflammatory Diseases
de Vries, H. E., Kuiper, J., de Boer, A. G., van Berkel, T. J. C., & Breimer, D. D. (1997) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0031-6997(24)01320-6 · Cited by 430 · see citing works
Genes that Distinguish Physiological and Pathological Angiogenesis
Seaman, S., Stevens, J., Yang, M., Logsdon, D. L., Graff‐Cherry, C., & Croix, B. S. (2007) · Cancer Cell · doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2007.04.017 · Cited by 415 · see citing works
The blood-brain barrier: structure, function and therapeutic approaches to cross it.
Tajes, M., Ramos-Fernández, E., Weng-Jiang, X., Bosch-Morató, M., Guivernau, B., Eraso-Pichot, A., Salvador, B., Fernàndez-Busquets, X., Roquer, J., & Muñoz, F. J. (2014) · Molecular Membrane Biology · doi:10.3109/09687688.2014.937468 · Cited by 380 · see citing works
Glucose transporter expression in the central nervous system: relationship to synaptic function
McEwen, B. S., & Reagan, L. P. (2004) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.02.041 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Glucose Transporters at the Blood-Brain Barrier: Function, Regulation and Gateways for Drug Delivery
Patching, S. (2017) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-015-9672-6 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Glucose improvement of memory: a review
Messier, C. (2004) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.02.043 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Schnitzer, J. E., & Oh, P. (1994) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(17)37571-3 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Blood—Brain Barrier Glucose Transporter: Effects of Hypo‐ and Hyperglycemia Revisited
Simpson, I. A., Appel, N. M., Hokari, M., Oki, J., Holman, G. D., Maher, F., Koehler‐Stec, E. M., Vannucci, S. J., & Smith, Q. R. (1999) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1999.0720238.x · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Gerhart, D. Z., Enerson, B. E., Zhdankina, O., Leino, R. L., & Drewes, L. R. (1997) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1997.273.1.e207 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Vorbrodt, A. W., & Dobrogowska, D. H. (2003) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0165-0173(03)00177-2 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
The role of glucose transporters in brain disease: Diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease
Shah, K., DeSilva, S., & Abbruscato, T. (2012) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms131012629 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Hladky, S. B., & Barrand, M. A. (2016) · Fluids and Barriers of the CNS · doi:10.1186/s12987-016-0040-3 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Diabetes Mellitus and Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction: An Overview
Naik, L. C. P. (2014) · Journal of Pharmacovigilance · doi:10.4172/2329-6887.1000125 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Beaulieu, É., Demeule, M., Ghitescu, L. D., & Béliveau, R. (1997) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj3260539 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Garbuzova-Davis, S. N., Saporta, S., Haller, E. M., Kolomey, I., Bennett, S. P., Potter, H., & Sanberg, P. R. (2007) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001205 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Roberts, L. M., Black, D. S., Raman, C., Woodford, K., Zhou, M., Haggerty, J. E., Yan, A. T., Cwirla, S. E., & Grindstaff, K. K. (2008) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.06.015 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Morgello, S., Uson, R. R., Schwartz, E. J., & Haber, R. S. (1995) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.440140107 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Diet-induced ketosis increases monocarboxylate transporter (MCT1) levels in rat brain
Leino, R. L., Gerhart, D. Z., Duelli, R., Enerson, B. E., & Drewes, L. R. (2001) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/s0197-0186(00)00102-9 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Development and Function of the Blood-Brain Barrier in the Context of Metabolic Control
Haddad-Tóvolli, R., Dragano, N. R. V., Ramalho, A. F. S., & Velloso, L. A. (2017) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2017.00224 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
In Situ Localization of P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) in Human and Rat Brain
Bendayan, R., Ronaldson, P. T., Gingras, D., & Bendayan, M. (2006) · Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry · doi:10.1369/jhc.5a6870.2006 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Van der Borght, K., Kóbor‐Nyakas, D. É., Klauke, K., Eggen, B. J. L., Nyakas, C., Van der Zee, E. A., & Meerlo, P. (2009) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.20545 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Cláudio, L. (1995) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s004010050386 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Hladky, S. B., & Barrand, M. A. (2018) · Fluids and Barriers of the CNS · doi:10.1186/s12987-018-0113-6 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Nanoscale drug delivery systems and the blood–brain barrier
Khalin, I., Alyautdin, R., Ismail, N. M., Haron, M. H., & Kuznetsov, D. (2014) · International Journal of Nanomedicine · doi:10.2147/ijn.s52236 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Jha, M. K., & Morrison, B. M. (2018) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.07.009 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Pries, A. R., & Kuebler, W. M. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/3-540-32967-6_1 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Cellular Elements of the Blood-Brain Barrier
Correale, J. D., & Villa, A. M. (2009) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-009-0081-y · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Immunohistochemical localization and quantification of glucose transporters in the mouse brain
Choeiri, C., Staines, W. A., & Messier, C. (2002) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00619-4 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Prodrug Approaches for CNS Delivery
Rautio, J., Laine, K., Gynther, M., & Savolainen, J. (2008) · The AAPS Journal · doi:10.1208/s12248-008-9009-8 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Leino, R. L., Gerhart, D. Z., & Drewes, L. R. (1999) · Developmental Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-3806(98)00188-6 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Mori, S., Takanaga, H., Ohtsuki, S., Deguchi, T., Kang, Y., Hosoya, K., & Terasaki, T. (2003) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1097/01.wcb.0000050062.57184.75 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Volk, H. A., & Löscher, W. (2005) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awh437 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Mechanisms of glucose transport at the blood–brain barrier: an in vitro study
McAllister, M. S., Križanac-Bengez, L., Macchia, F., Naftalin, R. J., Pedley, K. C., Mayberg, M. R., Marroni, M., Leaman, S. M., Stanness, K. A., & Janigro, D. (2001) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02418-0 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Kumagai, A. K., Kang, Y., Boado, R. J., & Pardridge, W. M. (1995) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.44.12.1399 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Self-citationNeurobarrier Coupling in the Brain: A Partner of Neurovascular and Neurometabolic Coupling?
Leybaert, L. (2005) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600001 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Autosomal dominant Glut‐1 deficiency syndrome and familial epilepsy
Brockmann, K., Wang, D., Korenke, G. C., von Moers, A., Ho, Y. Y., Pascual, J. M., Kuang, K., Yang, H., Ma, L., Kranz‐Eble, P., et al. (2001) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.1222 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Yao, Y., Yonezawa, A., Yoshimatsu, H., Masuda, S., Katsura, T., & Inui, K. (2010) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.110.122911 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
The glycolytic process in endothelial cells and its implications
Susan, W. S. L., & Shi, Y. (2021) · Acta Pharmacologica Sinica · doi:10.1038/s41401-021-00647-y · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Regulation of cerebral vasculature in normal and ischemic brain
Kulik, T. B., Kusano, Y., Aronhime, S., Sandler, A. L., & Winn, H. R. (2008) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.04.017 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Endothelial cell dysfunction and the pathogenesis of diabetic macroangiopathy
Laight, D. W., CARRIER, M. J., & Änggård, E. (1999) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/(sici)1520-7560(199907/08)15:4 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Lee, E. E., Ma, J., Sacharidou, A., Mi, W., Salato, V. K., Nguyen, N. X., Jiang, Y., Pascual, J. M., North, P. E., Shaul, P. W., et al. (2015) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2015.04.015 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Cura, A. J., & Carruthers, A. (2012) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c110024 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Brain Glucose-Sensing Mechanism and Energy Homeostasis
López-Gambero, A. J., Martínez, F., Salazar, K., Cifuentes, M., & Nualart, F. (2018) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-018-1099-4 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Ximenes-da-Silva, A., Lavialle, F., Gendrot, G., Guesnet, P., Alessandri, J., & Lavialle, M. (2002) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2002.00932.x · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Benomar, Y., Naour, N., Aubourg, A., Bailleux, V., Gertler, A., Djiane, J., Guerre-Millo, M., & Taouis, M. (2006) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2005-1464 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Cornford, E. M., Hyman, S., & Swartz, B. E. (1994) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.1994.15 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Cornford, E. M., & Hyman, S. (2004) · NeuroRx · doi:10.1602/neurorx.2.1.27 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Cholet, N., Seylaz, J., Lacombe, P. M., & Bonvento, G. (1997) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1097/00004647-199711000-00008 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Characterization of glucose transporter isoforms in the adult and developing human eye
Mantych, G. J., Hageman, G. S., & Devaskar, S. U. (1993) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.133.2.600 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Lippoldt, A., Kniesel, U., Liebner, S., Kalbacher, H., Kirsch, T., Wolburg, H., & Haller, H. G. (2000) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(00)02954-1 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Moura, R. P., Martins, C., Pinto, S. F. T., Sousa, F., & Sarmento, B. F. C. C. (2019) · Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery · doi:10.1080/17425247.2019.1583205 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Benarroch, E. E. (2014) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000000328 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Revisiting the blood-brain barrier: A hard nut to crack in the transportation of drug molecules
Harilal, S., Jose, J., Parambi, D. G. T., Kumar, R., Unnikrishnan, M. K., Uddin, M. S., Mathew, G. E., Pratap, R., Marathakam, A., & Mathew, B. (2020) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.03.018 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
A quantitative overview of glucose dynamics in the gliovascular unit
Barros, L. F., Bittner, C. X., Loaiza, A., & Porras, O. H. (2007) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.20375 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Boado, R. J., & Pardridge, W. M. (1993) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1993.tb03516.x · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Self-citationBasic physiology of the blood-brain barrier in health and disease: a brief overview
Kaya, M., & Ahıshalı, B. (2020) · Tissue Barriers · doi:10.1080/21688370.2020.1840913 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Dufès, C., Schätzlein, A. G., Tetley, L., Gray, A. I., Watson, D. G., Olivier, J., Couet, W. R., & Uchegbu, I. F. (2000) · Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1023/a:1026422915326 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
The blood‐brain barrier: Morphology, molecules, and neurothelin
Schlosshauer, B. (1993) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.950150508 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Carnitine: transport and physiological functions in the brain
NACZ, K. (2004) · Molecular Aspects of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.mam.2004.06.001 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Delivery of Drugs Bound to erythrocytes: New Avenues for an Old Intravascular Carrier
Villa, C. H., Pan, D. C., Zaitsev, S. V., Cines, D. B., Siegel, D. L., & Muzykantov, V. R. (2015) · Therapeutic Delivery · doi:10.4155/tde.15.34 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Monocarboxylic acid transporters, MCT1 and MCT2, in cortical astrocytes in vitro and in vivo
Hanu, R., McKenna, M. C., O’Neill, A., Resneck, W. G., & Bloch, R. J. (2000) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.2000.278.5.c921 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Atkin, M., Laight, D. W., & Cummings, M. H. (2016) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2016.01.003 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Transport of Glucose across the Blood-Tissue Barriers
Takata, K., Hirano, H., & Kasahara, M. (1997) · International review of cytology · doi:10.1016/s0074-7696(08)62357-8 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Apicobasal polarity of brain endothelial cells
Worzfeld, T., & Schwaninger, M. (2015) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1177/0271678x15608644 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Gynther, M., Ropponen, J., Laine, K., Leppänen, J., Haapakoski, P., Peura, L., Järvinen, T., & Rautio, J. (2009) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jm8015409 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Sharma, R. B., Liaw, K., Sharma, A., Jimenez, A. S., Chang, M., Salazar, S., Amlani, I., Kannan, S., & Kannan, R. M. (2021) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.07.018 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
GLUT‐1 glucose transporters in the blood–brain barrier: Differential phosphorylation
Devraj, K., Klinger, M., Myers, R. L., Mokashi, A. S., Hawkins, R. A., & Simpson, I. A. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.22738 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Bickel, U., Kang, Y., Yoshikawa, T., & Pardridge, W. M. (1994) · Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry · doi:10.1177/42.11.7930531 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Self-citationSympathetic influence on cerebral blood flow and metabolism during exercise in humans
Seifert, T., & Secher, N. H. (2011) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.09.008 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Glucose-Receptor MR Imaging of Tumors: Study in Mice with PEGylated Paramagnetic Niosomes
Luciani, A., Olivier, J., Clémеnt, O., Siauve, N., Brillet, P., Bessoud, B., Gazeau, F., Uchegbu, I. F., Kahn, E., Frija, G. G., et al. (2004) · Radiology · doi:10.1148/radiol.2311021559 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Glucose Transporter Asymmetries in the Bovine Blood-Brain Barrier
Simpson, I. A., Vannucci, S. J., DeJoseph, M. R., & Hawkins, R. A. (2001) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m010897200 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Cornford, E. M., Hyman, S., Cornford, M. E., Landaw, E. M., & Delgado‐Escueta, A. V. (1998) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1097/00004647-199801000-00003 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Horwood, N., & Davies, D. C. (1994) · Virchows Archiv · doi:10.1007/bf00193951 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Overexpression of GLUT3 placental glucose transporter in diabetic rats.
Boileau, P., Mrejen, C., Girard, J. R., & Mouzon, S. H. (1995) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci118036 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Glucose transport to the brain: A systems model
Qutub, A. A., & Hunt, C. A. (2005) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2005.03.002 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Xiuli, G., Geng, M., & Du, G. (2005) · Biochemical Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10528-005-1510-5 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Targeting Transporters for Drug Delivery to the Brain: Can We Do Better?
Puris, E., Fricker, G., & Gynther, M. (2022) · Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1007/s11095-022-03241-x · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Camps, M., Vilaró, S., Testar, X., Palacı́n, M., & Zorzano, A. (1994) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.134.2.924 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Skelly, P. J., & Shoemaker, C. B. (1996) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.93.8.3642 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Nualart, F., Godoy, A., & Reinicke, K. (1999) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(99)01078-1 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Forebrain Ischemia Increases Glut1 Protein in Brain Microvessels and Parenchyma
McCall, A. L., Bueren, A. M. V., Nipper, V. J., Moholt-Siebert, M., Downes, H., & Lessov, N. S. (1996) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1097/00004647-199601000-00008 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
The Blood-Brain Barrier and Its Role in Inflammation
Webb, A. A., & Muir, G. D. (2000) · Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1939-1676.2000.tb02248.x · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Blood–brain barrier endothelial cells in neurodegenerative diseases: Signals from the “barrier”
Yuan, Y., Sun, J., Dong, Q., & Cui, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1047778 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Localization of the Na + -d-glucose cotransporter SGLT1 in the blood-brain barrier
Elfeber, K., K�hler, A., Lutzenburg, M., Osswald, C., Galla, H.-J., Witte, O. W., & Koepsell, H. (2004) · Histochemistry and Cell Biology · doi:10.1007/s00418-004-0633-9 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Volk, H. A., Potschka, H., & Löscher, W. (2004) · Epilepsy Research · doi:10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2003.12.009 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Blood–brain barrier permeability to small and large molecules
Cornford, E. M., & Hyman, S. (1999) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0169-409x(98)00082-9 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Kubo, Y., Ohtsuki, S., Uchida, Y., & Terasaki, T. (2015) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1002/jps.24398 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Therapeutic strategies for glucose transporter 1 deficiency syndrome
Tang, M., Park, S. H., Vivo, D. C. D., & Monani, U. R. (2019) · Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology · doi:10.1002/acn3.50881 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Kajihara, H., Tsutsumi, E., Kinoshita, A., Nakano, J., Takagi, K., & Takeo, S. (2001) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02640-3 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
- Authors
- Farrell, C. L., & Pardridge, W. M.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- ORCID
- Pardridge, W M
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 1991-07
- Volume
- 88
- Issue
- 13
- Pages
- 5779-5783
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC51961
- OpenAlex
- W1985944040
- Cited by
- 314
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 8.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5p01ns025554-08)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (P01-NS-25554)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Barrier Structure and Function Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Drug Transport and Resistance Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Ion Transport and Channel Regulation
- Keywords
- blood-brain barrier, GLUT1, glucose transporters, brain microvascular endothelial cells, tight junctions, subcellular localization, glucose transport regulation, cytoplasmic compartments, rat brain
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Blood-Brain Barrier, Brain, Cell Compartmentation, Cell Membrane, Endothelium, Vascular, Immunohistochemistry, Microscopy, Electron, Monosaccharide Transport Proteins, Rats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
