The DOI matches its Crossref record; 209 of the 211 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Physical activity and cancer etiology: associations and mechanisms
Abstract
Objectives This paper reviews the epidemiologic data of associations between physical activity and cancer risk, describes potential mechanisms for a physical activity cancer link, and proposes future directions for research.Methods We reviewed English-language published papers on physical activity and cancer through Medline searches for epidemiologic studies, and through references on individual reports. We reviewed general texts on effects of exercise on human biology and applied the concepts to the biology of cancer in humans to describe potential mechanisms for a physical activity-cancer association.Results Considerable epidemiologic evidence has accrued linking increased physical activity with reduced occurrence of cancers of the breast and colon. The association between physical activity and cancers of other sites is unclear. Potential mechanisms for the association between physical activity and reduced risk for breast and colon cancer are varied: they range from bias due to physical activity's strong correlations with other health factors (e.g., diet, smoking, alcohol use, use of medications) to the metabolic effects resulting from increased physical activity and fitness, such as reduced obesity, hormonal and reproductive effects, mechanical effects, and enhancement of the immune system.Conclusions The elucidation of biologic mechanisms for an association between physical activity and cancer may provide biological support for the association. It will contribute information to determine the type, frequency, and duration of exercise needed to maximize protection. This information will be needed before large-scale community interventions are begun, in order to choose the correct interventions for the desired effect of reduced incidence of the most common cancers.
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Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Physical activity reduces the risk of breast and colon cancers and may reduce the risk of several other types of cancer.109 -113”
In the citing paper
“For colon cancer, physical activity causes food to move more quickly through the intestine, which reduces the length of time that the bowel lining is exposed to potential mutagens.111”
In the citing paper
“Moderate to vigorous activity for at least 45 minutes on 5 or more days per week may further reduce the risk of breast and colon cancers and also may reduce the risk of kidney, endometrial, and esophageal cancers.110,111,113,119,120”
In the citing paper
“For breast cancer, vigorous physical activity may decrease the exposure of breast tissue to circulating ovarian hormones.”
Citations
Cites
Items 201–209 of 209
Sumimoto, H., Tani, K., Nakazaki, Y., Tanabe, T., Hibino, H., Hamada, H., Azuma, M., & Asano, S. (1997) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19971114)73:4 · Cited by 25
Exercise as prevention: Do the health benefits derive in part from lower iron levels?
Lauffer, R. B. (1991) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/0306-9877(91)90031-s · Cited by 23
Exercise Training in Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus in Elderly Patients
Schwartz, R. S. (1990) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.13.2.s77 · Cited by 20
Impact of experimental manipulation of energy intake and expenditure on body composition
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Extreme exercise and oxidative DNA modification
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Platelet-derived growth factor and risk factors for colorectal cancer
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Self-citationJapanese Dietary Protein Allowance is Sufficient for Moderate Physical Exercise in Young Men.
Yasuhiro, K. I. D. O., Tsukahara, T., Rokutan, K., Shizuka, F., OHNAKA, M., & Kishi, K. (1997) · Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology · doi:10.3177/jnsv.43.59 · Cited by 9
825 LIFETIME PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND INCIDENCE OF BREAST CANCER
Sternfeld, D. R., Williams, C. S., Quesenberry, C. P., Satariano, W. A., & Sidney, S. (1993) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-199305001-00827 · Cited by 6
RE: “SEX HORMONE LEVELS IN SERUM IN RELATION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF BREAST CANCER”
Kuller, L. H., & Gutai, J. P. (1988) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114784 · Cited by 3
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 211 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Durstine JL, King AC, Painter PL, et al. American College Sports Medicine Resource Manual for Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger; 1993.
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Kushi, L. H., Byers, T., Doyle, C., Bandera, E. V., McCullough, M., Gansler, T., Andrews, K. S., Thun, M. J., & The American Cancer Society 2006 Nutrition and Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee (2006) · CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians · doi:10.3322/canjclin.56.5.254 · Cited by 1,901
American Cancer Society guidelines on nutrition and physical activity for cancer prevention
Kushi, L. H., Doyle, C., McCullough, M. L., Rock, C. L., Demark‐Wahnefried, W., Bandera, E. V., Gapstur, S. M., Patel, A. V., Andrews, K. S., & Gansler, T. S. (2012) · CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians · doi:10.3322/caac.20140 · Cited by 1,399
Doyle, C., Kushi, L. H., Byers, T., Courneya, K. S., Demark-Wahnefried, W., Grant, B., McTiernan, A., Rock, C. L., Thompson, C., Gansler, T., et al. (2006) · CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians · doi:10.3322/canjclin.56.6.323 · Cited by 950
Self-citationMechanisms linking physical activity with cancer
McTiernan, A. (2008) · Nature reviews. Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc2325 · Cited by 743
Self-citationPhysical activity and cancer prevention: etiologic evidence and biological mechanisms
Friedenreich, C. M., & Orenstein, M. R. (2002) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/132.11.3456s · Cited by 699
Metadata
- Authors
- McTiernan, A., Ulrich, C., Slate, S., & Potter, J.
- Affiliations
- Fred Hutch Cancer Center (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- Venue
- Cancer Causes & Control
- Published
- 1998-10
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 487-509
- ISSN
- 0957-5243 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-7225
- OpenAlex
- W1577435804
- Cited by
- 302
- References
- 211
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 1.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Cancer Causes & Control (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (R01 CA/AG69334, 5 P30 CA15704, P30CA015704)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Risks and Factors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
- Keywords
- physical activity, cancer risk, breast cancer, colon cancer, biological mechanisms, obesity, endocrine effects, reproductive factors, immune system, cancer prevention, exercise intervention
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Data Collection, Female, Humans, Life Style, Male, Middle Aged, Neoplasms, Prognosis, Cohort Studies, Exercise, Incidence, Survival Rate, Risk Assessment
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