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Unconditional Self-Acceptance and Psychological Health
Abstract
Low self-esteem is usually considered unhealthy, but according to rational-emotive behavior therapy, any level of self-esteem reflects a dysfunctional habit of globally evaluating one's worth; it would be preferable to accept oneself unconditionally. This hypothesis was tested by examining several correlates of scores on a novel questionnaire measure of unconditional self-acceptance (USA). In a nonclinical adult sample, statistically controlling for self-esteem, USA was inversely correlated with anxiety symptoms and with narcissism, positively correlated with state mood after imaginal exposure to negative events. Other predicted associations of USA (with depression, happiness, and self-deception) either were not evident or became non-significant when self-esteem was taken into account. Discussion centered on the conceptual and operational distinctions between self-esteem and self-acceptance. © 2001 Human Sciences Press, Inc.
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“unconditional self-acceptance in non-clinical samples has been shown to negatively correlate with anxiety (Chamberlain and Haaga 2001)”
From Experiences of autism acceptance and mental health in autistic adults (2018) · cites this paper as Chamberlain and Haaga 2001
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“Self-depreciation beliefs have been associated with greater self-doubt (Balkis & Duru, 2018) and lower self-esteem (Chamberlain & Haaga, 2001).”
BackgroundO’Reilly, A., Choby, D., Séjourné, N., & Callahan, S. (2014) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646838.2014.930111 · Cited by 11
“The Unconditional Self-Acceptance Questionnaire (USAQ; Chamberlain & Haaga, 2001) assesses unconditional self-acceptance through 20 affirmations about the self, to be rated on Likert scales ranging from 1 (almost always false) to 7 (almost always true).”
MethodDecoding Unconditional Self-Acceptance: A Qualitative Report
Pramanik, S., & Khuntia, R. (2023) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-023-00517-y · Cited by 10
“Most of the existing literature either focuses on identifying its relationship with neurotic symptoms (Chamberlain & Haaga, 2001; Cihuan & Dumitru, 2017; Scott, 2007) and other aspects of human beings (Chamberlain & Haaga, 2001; Jibeen, 2017; MacInnes, 2006 ) or discusses USA in relation to other…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-Acceptance in Buddhism and Psychotherapy
David, D., Lynn, S. J., & Das, L. S. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6806-6_2 · Cited by 11
“For example, in a nonclinical adult sample, phiUSA was positively correlated with state mood after imaginal exposure to negative activated events and negatively correlated with anxiety symptoms and with narcissism (Chamberlain & Haaga, 2001a , 2001b ).”
BackgroundInfluentialSymons, C. W., O’Sullivan, G. A., Borkoles, E., et al. (2014) · Bournemouth University Research Online (Bournemouth University) · Cited by 10
Luo, Y.-H., Shi, Z.-R., & Zhong, Y.-P. (2021) · Journal of Psychology in Africa · doi:10.1080/14330237.2021.2001950 · Cited by 10
“This result may be explained by the fact that individuals with high self-esteem were more self-accepting in various situations than those with low self-esteem (Chamberlain & Haaga, 2001a, b; Macinnes, 2006) .”
ResultStanković, S., Matic, M., Vukosavljević‐Gvozden, T., & Opačić, G. (2015) · Psihologija · doi:10.2298/psi1502101s · Cited by 13
The Concept of Psychological Health in Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
Ziegler, D. (2003) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1023/a:1024129117726 · Cited by 10
“Viewed in this way, USA has been empirically tied to measures of psychological health ( Chamberlain & Haaga, 2001 ), and it is one of the 13 criteria of psychological health proposed by Ellis (Ellis & Dryden, 1987).”
MethodSelf-Compassion, Performance, and Burnout: Surfacing an Unknown Work Construct
George, L., Wallace, J. C., Snider, J. B., & Suh, H. (2023) · Group & Organization Management · doi:10.1177/10596011231161123 · Cited by 13
“Empirical fi ndings from educational contexts lend further support for the self-regulatory bene fi ts of practicing self-compassion, in terms of motivation (eg Breines & Chen, 2012; Chamberlain & Haaga, 2001; Neff et al., 2005) and protection against demands (eg Leary et al., 2007).”
Predictive Influence of Irrational Beliefs on Self-esteem of University Students with Late Blindness
Onuigbo, L. N., Onyishi, C. N., & Eseadi, C. (2020) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-020-00347-2 · Cited by 12
Kong, L., Qin, F.-X., Zhou, A., Ding, S., & Qu, H. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.897157 · Cited by 9
“Self-acceptance is closely related to one’s mental health (25, 26).”
BackgroundJimin, Y., Su, H., & Li, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.995301 · Cited by 12
“Selfacceptance, especially unconditional self-acceptance, has been shown to be an effective way to reduce perceived stress in a variety of emotional and behavioral disorders, such as lower self-esteem (Chamberlain and Haaga, 2001), depressive symptoms (Chamberlain and Haaga, 2001) and job burnout (Hill et al.”
BackgroundSelf-Acceptance and the Parenting of Children
Gavita, O. A., Digiuseppe, R. A., & David, D. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6806-6_11 · Cited by 9
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Kaya, Y., Güç, E., Şimşek, B. K., & Nilüfer, U. Y. A. R. (2022) · Humanistic Perspective · doi:10.47793/hp.1036412 · Cited by 8
Pan, B., Fan, S., Song, Z., & Li, Y. (2023) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s393191 · Cited by 9
“Studies have shown that the higher the individual’s unconditional self-acceptance, the higher the sense of well-being or overall well-being, and the less likely to experience negative emotions such as depression and anxiety.(77) Individuals who focus on self-assessment and even self-criticism rather than self-acceptan…”
BackgroundLo, C. O., Hu, S., Sungur, H., & Lin, C.-H. (2021) · Gifted Child Quarterly · doi:10.1177/00169862211029681 · Cited by 10
“Another construct that emphasizes the role of the self in protecting a person from environmental stressors is Unconditional Self-acceptance (Chamberlain & Haaga, 2001; Ellis, 1995).”
BackgroundCognitive evolutionary therapy for depression: a case study
Giosan, C., Muresan, V., & Moldovan, R. (2014) · Clinical Case Reports · doi:10.1002/ccr3.131 · Cited by 8
“During the therapy, discussions about human nature from an evolutionary standpoint can encourage the patients to experience acceptance, a key ingredient in CBT [45, 46], by acknowledging basic human limitations.”
Background노푸른, & Son, C. (2014) · Korean Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.17315/kjhp.2014.19.4.002 · Cited by 8
Diyabeti Olan Yetişkinlerin Koşulsuz Kendini Kabul ve Kronik Hastalığa Uyumlarının Değerlendirilmesi
Manav, A. İ., Atik, D., & Çapar, A. (2021) · Ordu Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Çalışmaları Dergisi · doi:10.38108/ouhcd.889699 · Cited by 7
Wiley, C. R., Blevins, K. M., Cohen, S., & Pressman, S. D. (2022) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/09567976221083322 · Cited by 7
“Beyond positive emotional style, other positive self-evaluations, including self-esteem (Antonucci & Jackson, 1983), self-acceptance (Chamberlain & Haaga, 2001), and positive self-assessments of health (e.g., Cohen et al., 2015), have also been tied to better health.”
BackgroundKim, S. H.-S. (2012) · Korean Journal of Child Studies · doi:10.5723/kjcs.2012.33.3.119 · Cited by 6
Godin, J. (2010) · doi:10.31274/etd-180810-2243 · Cited by 7
“…to the central constructs of the proposed hypothesis is presented: USA, the Enneagram personality system, and PWB. Unconditional self-acceptance Chamberlain and Haaga (2001a, 2001b), attest that esteeming oneself either favorably or unfavorably is illogical, unhealthy, and counterproductive.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAn open trial internet-delivered intervention for perfectionism
Tulbure, B. T., Flueraș, A.-B., Nădăban, O., Moga, D.-S., & Măgurean, S. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-01286-y · Cited by 6
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“Self-acceptance is a multi-faceted construct in psychology, fundamentally involving an individual’s acceptance of all aspects of themselves, including their strengths and weaknesses [6].”
Faustino, B., Vasco, A. B., Haaga, D. A. F., Chamberlain, J. M., Farinha‐Fernandes, A., & Delgado, J. (2023) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-022-00492-w · Cited by 6
“In a subsequent study, in which three problematic items were reworded, internal consistency rose to .86 (Chamberlain & Haaga, 2001b).”
InfluentialSelf-citationPasaribu, P. E., & Zarfiel, M. D. (2019) · International Conference on Intervention and Applied Psychology (ICIAP) · doi:10.2991/iciap-18.2019.54 · Cited by 6
“Conversely, unconditional self-acceptance means the individual fully and unconditionally accepts himself/herself whether or not he/she behaves intelligently, correctly, or competently and whether or not other people approve, respect, or love him/her (Chamberlain & Haaga, 2001).”
BackgroundSelf-acceptance in today's young people
Călin, M. F., & Tasențe, T. (2022) · Technium Social Sciences Journal · doi:10.47577/tssj.v38i1.7984 · Cited by 6
New media literacy, self-acceptance, and psychological flexibility in enhancing Gen Z wellbeing
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Huang, X., Chen, H., & Li, S. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00109 · Cited by 6
“Self-acceptance is theorized to be affirmation or acceptance of oneself in spite of his/her weaknesses or deficiencies (Mearns, 1989), which has routinely been shown to be related to positive outcomes (Chamberlain and Haaga, 2001).”
BackgroundREBT with context of basic psychological needs: RESD-A Scale
Artiran, M. K., Şimşek, Ö. F., & Turner, M. J. (2020) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s135246582000020x · Cited by 6
Kiaei, Y. A. (2014) · FIU - Digital Commons (Florida International University) · doi:10.25148/etd.fi14040889 · Cited by 7
“It, however, showed no relationship with life satisfaction (Chamberlain & Haaga, 2001).”
BackgroundParental unconditional acceptance: An antidote to parental conditional regard
Tsang, K. K. Y., & Lam, S. (2023) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.12683 · Cited by 8
O'Súilleabháin, P. S., D'arcy-Bewick, S., Fredrix, M., McGeehan, M., Kirwan, E. M., Willard, M., Sesker, A. A., Sutin, A. R., & Turiano, N. A. (2023) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000001266 · Cited by 7
“For instance, self-acceptance within this context likely impacts brain processes responsible for stress and emotional control (43), psychological health (44), and so on.”
BackgroundKesabaran terhadap Self Acceptance pada Mahasiswa Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Islam Riau
Islam, D. N., & Hidayat, A. (2023) · Psikobuletin Buletin Ilmiah Psikologi · doi:10.24014/pib.v4i3.23822 · Cited by 5
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Szentagotai-Tătar, A., Cândea, D.-M., & David, D. O. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-93118-0_11 · Cited by 6
The Code of Honor as a Predictor of Anger and Aggression
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“Levels of self-acceptance and self-esteem have been found to be significantly correlated (Chamberlain & Haaga, 2001; Davies, 2006).”
BackgroundResultPsikolojik Danışman Adaylarının Koşulsuz Kendini Kabul Düzeyleri
BİNGÖL, T., & Batık, M. V. (2018) · İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi · doi:10.15869/itobiad.444355 · Cited by 6
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Review on Affecting the Mediation Mechanism between Perfectionism and Depression
谢, 颖. (2015) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2015.55039 · Cited by 4
Self-Acceptance from Aqidah and Gender Perspectives
Ilma, V. A., & Muslimin, Z. I. (2020) · doi:10.2991/assehr.k.200728.044 · Cited by 4
“Self-acceptance was measured by modification of the Unconditional Self-acceptance Questionnaire (USAQ) from [24] which is previously adapted by Hasmalawati [26].”
BackgroundMethodThe relationship between unconditional self-acceptance and cognitive fusion in psychosis
Muntean, L. M., Popa, C. O., Nirestean, A. P., Cojocaru, C. M., Schenk, A., & Bologh, F. I. (2020) · Psihiatru ro · doi:10.26416/psih.62.3.2020.3877 · Cited by 3
Wahat, N. W. A., Mohamed, N. A., D’Silva, J. L., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Disability Development and Education · doi:10.1080/1034912x.2021.1931817 · Cited by 4
Hillebrant-Openshaw, M. J., & Wong, M. M.-H. (2023) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-023-00595-1 · Cited by 5
“Additionally, psychological well-being encompasses sub-factors such as autonomy and self-acceptance and has been shown to be associated with resilience (Chamberlain & Haaga, 2001; Harms et al., 2018; Wong, 2008).”
Moody, R. L. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-02723-0_18 · Cited by 4
The Right Reflection: Improving Women's Self-Acceptance
Hernandez, P. A. (2014) · Scholarly Commons (University of Pennsylvania) · Cited by 4
(2013) · Journal of Evidence-Based Psychotherapies · Cited by 4
Las relaciones entre la salud física y psicológica según el estatus laboral
García, M. E. A., López, M. P. S., Dresch, V., & Díaz‐Morales, J. F. (2008) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 4
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Kennedy, J. F. (2011) · Cited by 4
정은영, & Shin, H. (2014) · Korea Journal of Counseling · doi:10.15703/kjc.15.1.201402.183 · Cited by 4
Seo, H. (2012) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota) · Cited by 4
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“Self-acceptance can be understood as a state in which an individual is willing to accept themselves fully unconditionally, whether they are competent or not, irrespective of how others perceive them (Chamberlain & Haaga, 2001).”
InfluentialThe Effect of Unconditional Self-Acceptance and Explicit Self-Esteem on Personal Explanatory Style
Popov, S., Jakovljev, I., Radanović, J., & Biro, M. (2020) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-020-00082-7 · Cited by 5
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Lupuleac, C., & Sava, F. A. (2023) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-023-00531-0 · Cited by 3
“Unconditional self-acceptance (Chamberlain & Haaga, 2001) has consistently been found to correlate negatively with irrational beliefs (Davies, 2006, 2008; Samfira & Sava, 2021).”
Dames, W. K. A., Banat, S. M., Alwaely, S. A., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Adolescence and Youth · doi:10.1080/02673843.2024.2354539 · Cited by 3
“The self-acceptance scale was designed from several studies: Berger (1952,1955), Chamberlain and Haaga (2001a), Robinson and Shaver Phillip (1969), Su et al. (2019), Al-Masarwa (2020), as well as from the extensive experience of researchers specialized in the field.”
(2024) · Journal of Psychology and Neuroscience · doi:10.47485/2693-2490.1091 · Cited by 3
“In promoting unconditional self-acceptance as a preventive approach to negative self-evaluations, unconditional self-acceptance is an essential building block for reducing vulnerability to self-esteem disorders in athletes (Chamberlain & Haaga, 2001).”
BackgroundInfluential중학생의 무조건적 자기수용과 사회불안의 관계에서 사후반추사고의 매개효과
김, 경., 최, 승., & 정, 인. (2014) · The Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.15842/kjcp.2014.33.4.001 · Cited by 1
Lee, H.-M., & Ha, J.-H. (2015) · Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society · doi:10.5762/kais.2015.16.9.5875 · Cited by 3
“Self-Acceptance Questionnaire) 무조건적 자기수용은 Chamberlain과 Haaga[50]가 개”
Psikoterapilerin Etkililiğini Belirleyen Faktörlerin İncelenmesi: Bir Derleme Çalışması
Gökkaya, F., Yurdalan, F., Karagülmez, K., & Emeç, K. (2021) · Ayna Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi · doi:10.31682/ayna.921699 · Cited by 3
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Plexico, L. W., & Erath, S. A. (2023) · Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups · doi:10.1044/2023_persp-22-00167 · Cited by 4
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“To measure the adults’ self-acceptance level, the Unconditional SelfAcceptance Questionnaire was used (Chamberlain & Haaga, 2001).”
MethodSt-Cyr, J., Saint‐Onge, K., Doré, I., & Gauvin, L. I. (2023) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-023-08093-8 · Cited by 3
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Nadina, D. (2023) · Edu World · doi:10.15405/epes.23045.17
“The USAQ, based on Albert Ellis's theory of unconditional acceptance (2005), contains 20 items which provide a valid tool to assess the level of unconditional self-acceptance, and it was validated for adolescents as well.”
Development of a Self-growth Scale for University Students
이혜진, & Kim, S.-H. (2013) · Korea Journal of Counseling · doi:10.15703/kjc.14.1.201302.609 · Cited by 3
송지은, & 임정하 (2015) · Studies on Korean Youth · doi:10.14816/sky.2015.26.4.117 · Cited by 3
Validity and Reliability of a Self-Acceptance Scale for Youth with Physical Disabilities
Wahat, N. W. A., Ahrari, S., D’Silva, J. L., Mohamed, N., & Hassan, S. A. (2021) · Pertanika journal of science & technology · doi:10.47836/pjssh.29.s1.04 · Cited by 3
Acceptance of aging among Japanese adults aged 20–89
Nakajima, M., & Kinjo, H. (2025) · Cogent Psychology · doi:10.1080/23311908.2025.2537856 · Cited by 2
“…as part of one’s identity (Rashid et al., 2018; Wu et al., 2024). people with higher self-acceptance generally have more positive self-evaluations (chamberlain & haaga, 2001). therefore, it would be possible that the more positively one perceives one’s own aaRc, the easier it will be to accept…”
Factors Affecting Social Problem-solving Ability in Male Alcohol Dependent Patients
Kim, M. Y., & Byun, E. K. (2016) · Journal of Korean Academy of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.12934/jkpmhn.2016.25.4.316 · Cited by 2
“게 사회적 문제상황에서 무조건적 자기수용은 자신의 마음부 터 챙김으로써[20], 부정적인 정서유발 보다는 합리적으로 사 고[26,29]로 전환하여, 사회적 및 개인적인 경험들을 지각하여 자신의 처지를 현실로 인정하고 직면하게 된다[20].”
InfluentialSelf-Acceptance: The Proper Meaning of Mental Health
孟, 凡. (2017) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2017.79145 · Cited by 3
Coping mechanisms of families of children’s with special education needs
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Typology of Conditional Self-acceptance in Association with Positivity and Stress Response
Seki, F., Takagi, G., Koiwa, K., Nihonmatsu, N., & Wakashima, K. (2023) · International Journal of Brief Therapy and Family Science · doi:10.35783/ijbf.13.1_6 · Cited by 2
Oprinca-Muja, L.-A., Cristian, A.-N., Topîrcean, E., Cristian, A., Popa, M. F., Domnariu, H. P., Atasie, D., Oprinca, G.-C., & Morar, S. (2025) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare13101169 · Cited by 2
“The Unconditional Self-Acceptance Questionnaire (USAQ) [32] was used to measure individuals’ level of unconditional self-acceptance.”
Elvins, M., Miller, A. J., & Turner, M. J. (2025) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-025-00619-9 · Cited by 5
“USA is the full, unconditional acceptance of oneself, irre - spective of behaviour, or the (dis)approval and (dis)respect of others (Chamberlain & Haaga, 2001).”
Bulimic and Depressive Symptoms: Self-Discrepancies and Acceptance
Deming, A., & Lynn, S. J. (2010) · Imagination Cognition and Personality · doi:10.2190/ic.30.1.f · Cited by 2
“Generally speaking, high self-acceptance is associated with psychological well-being (Ellis, 1977), whereas lower levels of self-acceptance are associated with higher levels of depression and anxiety (Chamberlain & Haaga, 2001; Flett, Besser, Davis & Hewitt, 2003).”
Background허연주, & MinKyuRhee (2015) · Korean Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.17315/kjhp.2015.20.1.011 · Cited by 2
Hwang, C.-U. (2020) · Fire science and engineering · doi:10.7731/kifse.b4c727ef · Cited by 2
Kim, E., & Jang, M. (2020) · Journal of Symbols & Sandplay Therapy · doi:10.12964/jsst.20004 · Cited by 2
Karataş, Z., & Öksüz, M. (2020) · MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi · doi:10.33206/mjss.721325 · Cited by 2
Examining the Factors Predicting Forgiveness of the University Students
Özdemir, G. G., & ÇAKIR, S. G. (2021) · Journal of Turkish Studies · doi:10.7827/turkishstudies.49152 · Cited by 2
Ansloos, J. P., & Dent, E. (2021) · Journal of indigenous social development · Cited by 2
허연주, & MinKyuRhee (2015) · The Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.15842/kjcp.2015.34.3.008 · Cited by 2
TURGUT, T., & YÜCEL, S. (2020) · Humanistic Perspective · doi:10.47793/hp.790598 · Cited by 2
The Everyday Lives of Men: An Ethnographic Investigation of Young Adult Male Identity
Gill, P. R. (2008) · Victoria University Research Repository (Victoria University) · Cited by 2
Al-Moteri, J. F. (2016) · Brunel University Research Archive (BURA) (Brunel University London) · Cited by 2
Ruan, Q.-N., Zheng, Y., Shen, G., et al. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3897347/v1 · Cited by 2
A Self-acceptance and Body Image on Student Self-confidence
Hijrianti, U. R., & Taqiyah, I. (2024) · KnE Social Sciences · doi:10.18502/kss.v9i5.15169 · Cited by 2
Tan, E., & BOZKURT, Y. (2022) · İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi · doi:10.46928/iticusbe.1171413 · Cited by 1
Pinchuk, N. I. (2025) · Проблеми сучасних трансформацій Серія педагогіка · doi:10.54929/2786-9199-2025-7-10-02 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Chamberlain, J. M., & Haaga, D. A. F.
- Affiliations
- American University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Haaga, David A. F.
- ORCID
- Haaga, David A. F.
- Venue
- Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy
- Published
- 2001-09
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 163-176
- ISSN
- 0894-9085 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-6563
- OpenAlex
- W1860101029
- Semantic Scholar
- e1ff4e24516ee5423e781b3d35c3a8c802d62b59
- Cited by
- 288
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 1.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- unconditional self-acceptance, self-esteem, mental health, anxiety symptoms, narcissism, imaginal exposure, depression, happiness, self-deception, rational emotive behavior therapy
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