The DOI matches its Crossref record; 51 of the 51 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Descriptive Epidemiology of Autism in a California Population: Who Is at Risk?
Abstract
We investigated the association between selected infant and maternal characteristics and autism risk. Children with autism born in California in 1989-1994 were identified through service agency records and compared with the total population of California live births for selected characteristics recorded on the birth certificate. Multivariate models were used to generate adjusted risk estimates. From a live birth population of more than 3.5 million, 4381 children with autism were identified. Increased risks were observed for males, multiple births, and children born to black mothers. Risk increased as maternal age and maternal education increased. Children born to immigrant mothers had similar or decreased risk compared with California-born mothers. Environmental factors associated with these demographic characteristics may interact with genetic vulnerability to increase the risk of autism.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The risk of AD was reported to be higher in children of mothers born in Mexico and in East Asian countries living in the US than those of mothers born in the US [68,69].”
From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [68]
In the citing paper
“Most studies showed increased risk of ASD among children of migrant parents [61,62,63,64,65,66,67,69,70], while some reported no association [61,65,68,69] or even decreased risk [61,68,69,70].”
From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [68]
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
(1943) · The Nervous child · Cited by 8,870
Wing, L., & Gould, J. (1979) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf01531288 · Cited by 2,587
Autism diagnostic interview: A standardized investigator-based instrument
Le Couteur, A., Rutter, M., Lord, C., Rios, P., Robertson, S., Holdgrafer, M., & McLennan, J. (1989) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02212936 · Cited by 1,036
The Screening and Diagnosis of Autistic Spectrum Disorders
Filipek, P. A., Accardo, P., Baranek, G. T., Cook, E. H., Dawson, G., Gordon, B., Gravel, J. S., Johnson, C. P., Kallen, R. J., Levy, S. E., et al. (1999) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1021943802493 · Cited by 1,016
The epidemiology of autism: a review
FOMBONNE, E. (1999) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291799008508 · Cited by 981
Epidemiology of autistic conditions in young children: 1. Prevalence
Lotter, V. (1966) · Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/bf00584048 · Cited by 780
The Changing Prevalence of Autism in California
Croen, L., Grether, J. K., Hoogstrate, J., & Selvin, S. (2002) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1015453830880 · Cited by 511
Self-citationAutism: not an extremely rare disorder
Gillberg, C., & Wing, L. (1999) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1999.tb00984.x · Cited by 381
Sex ratios in early childhood autism and related conditions
Wing, L. (1981) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(81)90043-3 · Cited by 370
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- American Psychiatric Association (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders III-R. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association.
- Wing, J. (1966). Diagnosis, epidemiology, aetiology. In: Wing, J. (Ed.) Early childhood autism. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Genetic Heritability and Shared Environmental Factors Among Twin Pairs With Autism
Hallmayer, J. (2011) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.76 · Cited by 1,970
The Epidemiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders
Newschaffer, C. J., Croen, L. A., Daniels, J., Giarelli, E., Grether, J. K., Levy, S. E., Mandell, D. S., Miller, L. A., Pinto-Martin, J., Reaven, J., et al. (2007) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.28.021406.144007 · Cited by 1,228
Self-citationAutism and the pervasive developmental disorders
Volkmar, F. R., & Klin, A. (2012) · doi:10.1093/med/9780199696758.003.0214 · Cited by 931
Prevalence of Parent-Reported Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children in the US, 2007
Kogan, M. D., Blumberg, S. J., Schieve, L. A., Boyle, C. A., Perrin, J. M., Ghandour, R. M., Singh, G. K., Strickland, B. B., Trevathan, E., & van Dyck, P. C. (2009) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2009-1522 · Cited by 892
Prenatal risk factors for autism: comprehensive meta-analysis
Gardener, H., Spiegelman, D., & Buka, S. L. (2009) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.108.051672 · Cited by 736
Metadata
- Authors
- Croen, L. A., Grether, J. K., & Selvin, S.
- Affiliations
- March of Dimes (US)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Corresponding author
- Croen, Lisa A.
- ORCID
- Croen, Lisa A.
- Venue
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
- Published
- 2002-06
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 217-224
- ISSN
- 0162-3257 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3432
- OpenAlex
- W1581467677
- Cited by
- 358
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 30
- FWCI
- 4.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family and Disability Support Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, autism risk factors, infant characteristics, maternal characteristics, maternal age, maternal education, multiple births, racial disparities, immigrant mothers, sex differences, environmental risk factors, genetic susceptibility, California
- MeSH terms
- Autistic Disorder, California, Child, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Mass Screening, Intellectual Disability, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Syndrome, Incidence, Multivariate Analysis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
