Epidemiology of autistic conditions in young children: 1. Prevalence

Lotter, Victor

doi:10.1007/bf00584048

Cited by 780Autism Spectrum Disorder ResearchGenetics and Neurodevelopmental DisordersChild Nutrition and Feeding Issues

Epidemiology of autistic conditions in young children: 1. Prevalence

Lotter, Victor·1966·Social Psychiatry

DOI 10.1007/bf00584048

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/bf00584048

Cites

3 of 3 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

The first autism prevalence estimate, by Lotter (1966), was approximately 4 in 10,000.
“The first autism prevalence estimate, by Lotter (1966), was approximately 4 in 10,000”
From Annual Research Review: Looking back to look forward – changes in the concept of autism and implications for future research (2020) · cites this paper as Lotter (1966)

STANDARDIZATION OF PROGRESSIVE MATRICES, 1938
RAVEN, J. C. (1941) · British Journal of Medical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1941.tb00316.x · Cited by 389 · see citing works
Irrelevant and metaphorical language in early infantile autism
KANNER, L. (1946) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.103.2.242 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
The accuracy of parental recall of aspects of child development and of child rearing practices
Robbins, L. C. (1963) · The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0049084 · Cited by 177 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Global Prevalence of Autism and Other Pervasive Developmental Disorders
Elsabbagh, M., Divan, G., Koh, Y., Kim, Y. S., Kauchali, S., Marcín, C., Montiel‐Nava, C., Patel, V., Paula, C. S., Wang, C., et al. (2012) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.239 · Cited by 2,636 · see citing works
Severe impairments of social interaction and associated abnormalities in children: Epidemiology and classification
Wing, L., & Gould, J. (1979) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf01531288 · Cited by 2,587 · see citing works
Toward objective classification of childhood autism: Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS)
Schopler, E., Reichler, R. J., DeVellis, R. F., & Daly, K. (1980) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02408436 · Cited by 2,432 · see citing works
Identification and Evaluation of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Johnson, C. P., Myers, S. M., & and the Council on Children With Disabilities (2007) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2007-2361 · Cited by 2,011 · see citing works
Epidemiology of Pervasive Developmental Disorders
Fombonne, E. (2009) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1203/pdr.0b013e31819e7203 · Cited by 1,971 · see citing works
Epidemiological Surveys of Autism and Other Pervasive Developmental Disorders: An Update
Fombonne, E. (2003) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1025054610557 · Cited by 1,505 · see citing works
INFANTILE AUTISM: A GENETIC STUDY OF 21 TWIN PAIRS
Folstein, S., & Rutter, M. (1977) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1977.tb00443.x · Cited by 1,361 · see citing works
Prevalence of Autism in a US Metropolitan Area
Yeargin-Allsopp, M., Rice, C., Karapurkar, T., Doernberg, N., Boyle, C., & Murphy, C. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.289.1.49 · Cited by 1,248 · see citing works
The Role of Age and Verbal Ability in the Theory of Mind Task Performance of Subjects with Autism
Happe, F. G. E. (1995) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1131954 · Cited by 1,227 · see citing works
The epidemiology of autism: a review
FOMBONNE, E. (1999) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291799008508 · Cited by 981 · see citing works
Prevalence of Parent-Reported Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children in the US, 2007
Kogan, M. D., Blumberg, S. J., Schieve, L. A., Boyle, C. A., Perrin, J. M., Ghandour, R. M., Singh, G. K., Strickland, B. B., Trevathan, E., & van Dyck, P. C. (2009) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2009-1522 · Cited by 892 · see citing works
Annual Research Review: Secular trends in child and adolescent mental health
Collishaw, S. (2015) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12372 · Cited by 788 · see citing works
Diagnosis and definition of childhood autism
Rutter, M. (1978) · Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia · doi:10.1007/bf01537863 · Cited by 750 · see citing works
The Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders: background, inter‐rater reliability and clinical use
Wing, L., Leekam, S. R., Libby, S. J., Gould, J., & Larcombe, M. (2002) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00023 · Cited by 694 · see citing works
What should autism research focus upon? Community views and priorities from the United Kingdom
Pellicano, E., Dinsmore, A., & Charman, T. (2014) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361314529627 · Cited by 800 · see citing works
“…in the United Kingdom (UK) has an autism spectrum condition (Baird et al., 2006; Brugha et al., 2011) – more than a 20-fold increase from the results of the first epidemiological study (Lotter, 1966) – and such estimates are similar in other parts of the world (e.g. Elsabbagh et al., 2012).”
Result
A behavioral comparison of male and female adults with high functioning autism spectrum conditions
Lai, M.-C., Lombardo, M. V., Pasco, G., Ruigrok, A. N. V., Wheelwright, S. J., Sadek, S. A., Chakrabarti, B., MRC AIMS Consortium, & Baron-Cohen, S. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020835 · Cited by 650 · see citing works
Asperger Syndrome—Some Epidemiological Considerations: A Research Note
Gillberg, I. C., & Gillberg, C. (1989) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00275.x · Cited by 603 · see citing works
Socioeconomic Inequality in the Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder: Evidence from a U.S. Cross-Sectional Study
Durkin, M. S., Maenner, M. J., Meaney, F. J., Levy, S. E., DiGuiseppi, C., Nicholas, J. S., Kirby, R. S., Pinto-Martin, J. A., & Schieve, L. A. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011551 · Cited by 509 · see citing works
Annual Research Review: Looking back to look forward – changes in the concept of autism and implications for future research
Happé, F., & Frith, U. (2020) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13176 · Cited by 438 · see citing works
Childhood schizophrenia reconsidered
Rutter, M. (1972) · Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia · doi:10.1007/bf01537622 · Cited by 440 · see citing works
Descriptive epidemiology of autism in a California population: Who is at risk?
Croen, L. A., Grether, J. K., & Selvin, S. (2002) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1015405914950 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
Sex differences in pervasive developmental disorders
Volkmar, F. R., Szatmari, P., & Sparrow, S. S. (1993) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf01046103 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
The global prevalence of autism spectrum disorder: A three-level meta-analysis
Talantseva, O. I., Romanova, R. S., Shurdova, E. M., Dolgorukova, T. A., Sologub, P. S., Titova, O. S., Kleeva, D. F., & Grigorenko, E. L. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1071181 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
No evidence for a new variant of measles-mumps-rubella-induced autism
Fombonne, E., & Chakrabarti, S. (2001) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.108.4.e58 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Altered brain-gut axis in autism: comorbidity or causative mechanisms
Mayer, E. A., Padua, D., & Tillisch, K. (2014) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.201400075 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Essential versus complex autism: definition of fundamental prognostic subtypes
Miles, J. H., Takahashi, T. N., Bagby, S., Sahota, P. K., Vaslow, D. F., Wang, C. H., Hillman, R. E., & Farmer, J. E. (2005) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A · doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.30590 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Review of gender differences in core symptomatology in autism spectrum disorders
Rivet, T. T., & Matson, J. L. (2011) · Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2010.12.003 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Autistic disorder and viral infections
Libbey, J., Sweeten, T., McMahon, W., & Fujinami, R. (2005) · Journal of NeuroVirology · doi:10.1080/13550280590900553 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Brief report: Autism and asperger syndrome in seven-year-old children: A total population study
Kadesjö, B., Gillberg, C., & Hagberg, B. (1999) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1022115520317 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Psychiatric disorders in the parents of autistic individuals
PIVEN, J., CHASE, G. A., LANDA, R., WZOREK, M., GAYLE, J., CLOUD, D., & FOLSTEIN, S. (1991) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199105000-00019 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Prevalence of autism in mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Sun, X., Allison, C., Matthews, F. E., Sharp, S. J., Auyeung, B., Baron-Cohen, S., & Brayne, C. (2013) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/2040-2392-4-7 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Temporal Changes in Effect Sizes of Studies Comparing Individuals With and Without Autism: A Meta-analysis
Rødgaard, E.-M., Jensen, K., Vergnes, J.-N., Soulières, I., & Mottron, L. (2019) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.1956 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Sex Differences in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Identified Within a High-Risk Infant Cohort
Zwaigenbaum, L., Bryson, S. E., Szatmari, P., Brian, J., Smith, I. M., Roberts, W., Vaillancourt, T., & Roncadin, C. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1515-y · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Women and autism spectrum disorder: Diagnosis and implications for treatment of adolescents and adults
Green, R. M., Travers, A. M., Howe, Y., & McDougle, C. J. (2019) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-019-1006-3 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Autism As a Disorder of High Intelligence
Crespi, B. J. (2016) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2016.00300 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
A prevalence study of pervasive developmental disorders in North Dakota.
BURD, L., FISHER, W., & KERBESHIAN, J. (1987) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-198709000-00014 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Epidemiological surveys of ASD: advances and remaining challenges
Fombonne, E., MacFarlane, H., & Salem, A. C. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05005-9 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
The Development of Sex Differences in Infantile Autism
Tsai, L. Y., & Beisler, J. M. (1983) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.142.4.373 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Reevaluating the incidence of Pervasive Developmental Disorders: Impact of elevated rates of detection through implementation of an integrated system of screening in Toyota, Japan
Kawamura, Y., Takahashi, O., & Ishii, T. (2008) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2008.01748.x · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Epidemiology of infantile autism in southern Ibaraki, Japan: Differences in prevalence in birth cohorts
Tanoue, Y., Oda, S., Asano, F., & Kawashima, K. (1988) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02211943 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Synapse dysfunction in autism: a molecular medicine approach to drug discovery in neurodevelopmental disorders
Spooren, W., Lindemann, L., Ghosh, A., & Santarelli, L. (2012) · Trends in Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tips.2012.09.004 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Prevalence of autism and parentally reported triggers in a north east London population
Lingam, R. (2003) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.88.8.666 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Prevalence of Pervasive Developmental Disorders in preschool children in the uae
Eapen, V., Mabrouk, A. A., Zoubeidi, T., & Yunis, F. (2007) · Journal of Tropical Pediatrics · doi:10.1093/tropej/fml091 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Brief report: Differences in sex ratios in autism as a function of measured intelligence
Lord, C., & Schopler, E. (1985) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf01531604 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Are autism spectrum conditions more prevalent in an information-technology region? A school-based study of three regions in the Netherlands
Roelfsema, M. T., Hoekstra, R. A., Allison, C., Wheelwright, S., Brayne, C., Matthews, F. E., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1302-1 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Secular changes in the symptom level of clinically diagnosed autism
Arvidsson, O., Gillberg, C., Lichtenstein, P., & Lundström, S. (2018) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12864 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Autonomic response in autism spectrum disorder: relationship to social and cognitive functioning
Patriquin, M. A., Hartwig, E. M., Friedman, B. H., Porges, S. W., & Scarpa, A. (2019) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.05.004 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Regression in autism spectrum disorder: A critical overview of retrospective findings and recommendations for future research
Boterberg, S., Charman, T., Marschik, P. B., Bölte, S., & Roeyers, H. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.03.013 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
What the DSM-5 Portends for Research, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorders
Mahjouri, S., & Lord, C. E. (2012) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-012-0327-2 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders in a semiurban community in south India
Poovathinal, S. A., Anitha, A., Thomas, R., Kaniamattam, M., Melempatt, N., Anilkumar, A., & Meena, M. (2016) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2016.07.003 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Parent-reported prevalence of autism spectrum disorders in US-born children: an assessment of changes within birth cohorts from the 2003 to the 2007 National Survey of Children's Health
Schieve, L. A., Rice, C., Yeargin-Allsopp, M., Boyle, C. A., Kogan, M. D., Drews, C., & Devine, O. (2012) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-012-1004-0 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Have secular changes in perinatal risk factors contributed to the recent autism prevalence increase? Development and application of a mathematical assessment model
Schieve, L. A., Rice, C., Devine, O., Maenner, M. J., Lee, L.-C., Fitzgerald, R., Wingate, M. S., Schendel, D., Pettygrove, S., van Naarden Braun, K., et al. (2011) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2011.08.009 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
A Survey of Parents with Children on the Autism Spectrum: Experience with Services and Treatments
Becerra, T. A., Massolo, M. L., Yau, V. M., Owen-Smith, A. A., Lynch, F. L., Crawford, P. M., Pearson, K. A., Pomichowski, M. E., Quinn, V. P., Yoshida, C. K., et al. (2017) · The Permanente Journal · doi:10.7812/tpp/16-009 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Autism Spectrum Disorders – Are they really epidemic?
Isaksen, J., Diseth, T. H., Schjølberg, S., & Skjeldal, O. H. (2013) · European Journal of Paediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.ejpn.2013.03.003 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Investigation of Shifts in Autism Reporting in the California Department of Developmental Services
Grether, J. K., Rosen, N. J., Smith, K. S., & Croen, L. A. (2009) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-009-0754-z · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Impact of DSM-5 on epidemiology of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Tsai, L. Y. (2014) · Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2014.07.016 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Behavioral approaches to the treatment of early infantile autism: A review.
Margolies, P. J. (1977) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.84.2.249 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Review of cognitive characteristics of autism spectrum disorder using performance on six subtests on four versions of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
Takayanagi, M., Kawasaki, Y., Shinomiya, M., Hiroshi, H., Okada, S., Ino, T., Sakai, K., Murakami, K., Ishida, R., Mizuno, K., et al. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-04932-x · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Autism in Poland in comparison to other countries
Piskorz-Ogórek, K., Ogórek, S., Cieślińska, A., & Kostyra, E. (2015) · Polish Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.poamed.2015.03.010 · Cited by 28 · see citing works

Authors: Lotter, V.
Corresponding author: Lotter, Victor
Venue: Social Psychiatry
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 1966-12
Volume: 1
Issue: 3
Pages: 124-135
ISSN: 0933-7954 (ISSN-L)
0037-7813
1433-9285
DOI: 10.1007/bf00584048
OpenAlex: W1547319025
Cited by: 780
References: 3
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 26
FWCI: 1.09
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
Keywords: autism spectrum disorder, autistic behavior, prevalence, young children, sex differences, developmental delay, intellectual disability, prognosis, behavioural screening, elementary school students

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Epidemiology of autistic conditions in young children: 1. Prevalence

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Record

About these checks