Cited by 367Attention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentBehavioral and Psychological Studies

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Observed Classroom Behavior of Children with ADHD: Relationship to Gender and Comorbidity

Abikoff, Howard B., Jensen, Peter S., Arnold, L. L. Eugene, Hoza, Betsy, Hechtman, Lily, Pollack, Simcha, Martin, Diane, Alvir, Jose, March, John S., Hinshaw, Stephen, Vitiello, Benedetto, Newcorn, Jeffrey, Greiner, Andrew, Cantwell, Dennis P., Conners, C. Keith, Elliott, Glen, Greenhill, Laurence L., Kraemer, Helena, Pelham, William E., Severe, Joanne B., Swanson, James M., Wells, Karen, Wigal, Tim·2002·Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology

DOI 10.1023/a:1015713807297

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Abstract

Examined hypothesized gender and comorbidity differences in the observed classroom behavior of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The behavior of 403 boys and 99 girls with ADHD, ages 7-10, was compared (a) to observed, sex-specific classroom behavior norms, (b) by sex, and (c) by comorbid subgroups. Boys and girls with ADHD deviated significantly from classroom norms on 15/16 and 13/16 categories, respectively. Compared to comparison girls, girls with ADHD had relatively high rates of verbal aggression to children. Boys with ADHD engaged in more rule-breaking and externalizing behaviors than did girls with ADHD, but the sexes did not differ on more "neutral," unobtrusive behaviors. The sex differences are consistent with notions of why girls with ADHD are identified and referred later than boys. Contrary to hypothesis, the presence of comorbid anxiety disorder (ANX) was not associated with behavioral suppression; yet, as hypothesized, children with a comorbid disruptive behavior disorder (DBD) had higher rates of rule-breaking, and impulsive and aggressive behavior, than did children with ADHD alone and those with ADHD+ANX. Elevated rates of ADHD behaviors were also observed in children with comorbid DBD, indicating that these behaviors are truly present and suggesting that reports of higher ADHD ratings in this subgroup are not simply a consequence of negative halo effects and rater biases.

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Items 101–200 of 367

Association of Anxiety and ODD/CD in Children With and Without ADHD
Humphreys, K. L., Aguirre, V. P., & Lee, S. S. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2012.656557 · Cited by 42
“That is, comorbid anxiety was associated with increased ODD and CD in children with ADHD, which is divergent from other studies that found no effect of anxiety (Abikoff et al., 2002), or that anxiety was associated with reduced aggression and CD (Plizka, 1992).”
Result
Aggression Among Children with ADHD, Anxiety, or Co-occurring Symptoms: Competing Exacerbation and Attenuation Hypotheses
Becker, S. P., Luebbe, A. M., Stoppelbein, L., Greening, L., & Fite, P. J. (2011) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-011-9590-7 · Cited by 41
“Indeed, anxiety has been found to have no moderating effect on classroom observations of ADHD youths’ physical or verbal aggressive behaviors toward peers and teachers (Abikoff et al. 2002), and in a laboratory playgroup setting, an inverse relation was found between anxiety and observed aggression for control childre…”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Gifted Children with ADHD: How Are They Different from Non-gifted Children with ADHD?
Gomez, R., Stavropoulos, V., Vance, A., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-019-00125-x · Cited by 41
“Seventh, it is known that that oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is robustly associated with the severity of ADHD symptoms (Abikoff et al. 2002; Kuhne et al. 1998; Newcorn et al. 2001).”
Background
Reactive and proactive aggression in children with and without ADHD and negative emotional lability
Slaughter, K. E., Leaberry, K. D., Fogleman, N. D., & Rosen, P. J. (2019) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.12402 · Cited by 46
Standardized Observational Assessment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Combined and Predominantly Inattentive Subtypes. I. Test Session Observations
McConaughy, S. H., Ivanova, M. Y., Antshel, K., & Eiraldi, R. B. (2009) · School Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/02796015.2009.12087849 · Cited by 38
“In the Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (MTA), Abikoff et al. (2002) also reported significantly higher rates of observed rule-breaking and impulsive and aggressive behavior for children with ADHD-C who had comorbid disruptive disorders versus children with comorbid…”
Background
Additive Effects of Parent Adherence on Social and Behavioral Outcomes of a Collaborative School–Home Behavioral Intervention for ADHD
Villodas, M. T., McBurnett, K., Kaiser, N. M., Rooney, M. E., & Pfiffner, L. J. (2013) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-013-0405-7 · Cited by 40
“In the school context, these symptoms often result in more off-task, verbal and physical disruptive behavior, interruption of instruction, and non-compliance [2].”
Background
Executive Functioning and Engagement in Physical and Relational Aggression among Children with ADHD
McQuade, J. D., Breaux, R., Miller, R., & Mathias, L. (2016) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-016-0207-z · Cited by 45
“Indeed, boys with ADHD are more likely to use physical aggression than girls with ADHD (Abikoff et al. 2002).”
Premature responding is associated with approach to a food cue in male and female heterogeneous stock rats
King, C. P., Palmer, A. A., Woods, L. C. S., Hawk, L. W., Richards, J. B., & Meyer, P. (2016) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-016-4306-x · Cited by 37
“…the effects of psychostimulants in humans depends on dose, age, sex, time since administration, and on the outcome measured (Broos et al. 2012; Berridge et al. 2006; Gunther et al. 2010; Sonuga-Barke et al. 2007; Kim et al. 2015; DeVito et al. 2009; Burton and Fletcher 2012; Abikoff et al. 2002).”
Sex Differences in the Meaning of Parent and Teacher Ratings of ADHD Behaviors: An Observational Study
Meyer, B. J., Stevenson, J., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2020) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054717723988 · Cited by 37
“For example, Abikoff and colleagues (2002) demonstrated sex-specific differences in observed classroom behavior in females and males who met parent-reported ADHD Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) criteria (Abikoff et al., 2002).”
Background
Sexual Bullying
Fredland, N. (2008) · Advances in Nursing Science · doi:10.1097/01.ans.0000319560.76384.8a · Cited by 37
Evaluating attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder using ecological momentary assessment: a systematic review
Miguélez‐Fernández, C., de León-Martínez, S., Baltasar-Tello, I., Peñuelas‐Calvo, I., Barrigón, M. L., Sedano-Capdevila, A., Delgado‐Gómez, D., Baca‐García, E., & Carballo, J. J. (2018) · ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders · doi:10.1007/s12402-018-0261-1 · Cited by 39
Association of Low Lead Levels with Behavioral Problems and Executive Function Deficits in Schoolers from Montevideo, Uruguay
Barg, G., Daleiro, M., Queirolo, E. I., Ravenscroft, J., Mañáy, N., Peregalli, F., & Kordas, K. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15122735 · Cited by 39
“In the classroom, boys with ADHD are more impulsive, aggressive, and hyperactive than girls with ADHD, but this difference is not significant in children with sub-clinical behavioral problems [57].”
Background
The Validity of Teacher Rating Scales for the Assessment of ADHD Symptoms in the Classroom: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Staff, A. I., Oosterlaan, J., der Oord, S. V., Hoekstra, P. J., Vertessen, K., de Vries, R., van den Hoofdakker, B. J., & Luman, M. (2020) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054720916839 · Cited by 40
“Symptoms can manifest in different ways across settings (McConaughy et al., 2010) and are often first recognized in the classroom (Abikoff et al., 2002; Junod et al., 2006).”
The Relationship Between ADHD Symptomology and Decision Making
Schepman, S., Weyandt, L. L., Schlect, S. D., & Swentosky, A. J. (2010) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054710372496 · Cited by 36
“A possible explanation for these findings is that women are more likely to be diagnosed with and experience symptoms of the predominantly inattentive subtype of ADHD, whereas men typically report more of the externalizing symptoms of ADHD, such as impulsivity (Abikoff et al., 2002; Weyandt, 2001).”
Background
The written expression abilities of adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Molitor, S. J., Langberg, J. M., & Evans, S. W. (2016) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2016.01.005 · Cited by 42
Inattentive Behavior in Boys with ADHD during Classroom Instruction: the Mediating Role of Working Memory Processes
Orban, S. A., Rapport, M. D., Friedman, L. M., Eckrich, S. J., & Kofler, M. J. (2017) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-017-0338-x · Cited by 35
Managing Frustration for Children (MFC) Group Intervention for ADHD: An Open Trial of a Novel Group Intervention for Deficient Emotion Regulation
Rosen, P. J., Leaberry, K. D., Slaughter, K. E., Fogleman, N. D., Walerius, D. M., Loren, R. E. A., & Epstein, J. N. (2018) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2018.04.002 · Cited by 39
Contextual variability of ADHD symptoms: embracement not erasement of a key moderating factor
Rommelse, N. N. J., Bunte, T. L., Matthys, W., Anderson, E. L., Buitelaar, J. K., & Wakschlag, L. S. (2014) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-014-0665-1 · Cited by 35
“In a more accurate approach, observations in the school [1] or home situation [20] are made to complement these initial discrepant ratings.”
Background
ADHD Symptoms in Females of Childhood, Adolescent, Reproductive and Menopause Period
Antoniou, E., Rigas, N., Orovou, E., Papatrechas, A., & Sarella, A. (2021) · Materia Socio Medica · doi:10.5455/msm.2021.33.114-118 · Cited by 42
“Other factors that can contribute to insufficient ADHD diagnosis and non-referral for treatment of ADHD girls are the presence of comorbid psychiatric disorders (depression /anxiety) (15, 16) which are responsible for the internalization of the symptoms, the presence of a comorbid compulsive-compulsive disorder, which…”
Background
Examining Subtypes of Behavior Problems Among 3-Year-Old Children, Part I: Investigating Validity of Subtypes and Biological Risk-Factors
Harvey, E. A., Friedman-Weieneth, J. L., Goldstein, L. H., & Sherman, A. H. (2006) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-006-9087-y · Cited by 36
Adult Outcomes of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Conduct Disorder: Are the Risks Independent or Additive?
Gunter, T. D., Arndt, S. V., Riggins‐Caspers, K., Wenman, G., & Cadoret, R. J. (2006) · Annals of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/10401230600948415 · Cited by 31
The Link between Peer Relations, Prosocial Behavior, and ODD/ADHD Symptoms in 7–9-Year-Old Children
Paap, M. C. S., Haraldsen, I., Breivik, K., Butcher, P. R., Hellem, F. M., & Stormark, K. M. (2012) · Psychiatry Journal · doi:10.1155/2013/319874 · Cited by 31
“Hindawi Publishing Corporation Psychiatry Journal Volume 2013, Article ID 319874, 10 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/319874”
BackgroundInfluential
Impaired Energy Metabolism and Disturbed Dopamine and Glutamate Signalling in the Striatum and Prefrontal Cortex of the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat Model of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Dimatelis, J. J., Hsieh, J. H., Sterley, T.-L., Marais, L., Womersley, J. S., Vlok, M., & Russell, V. A. (2015) · Journal of Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s12031-015-0491-z · Cited by 29
A post hoc subgroup analysis of an 18-day randomized controlled trial comparing the tolerability and efficacy of mixed amphetamine salts extended release and atomoxetine in school-age girls with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Biederman, J., Wigal, S. B., Spencer, T. J., McGough, J. J., & Mays, D. A. (2006) · Clinical Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2006.02.008 · Cited by 30
WeDA: Designing and Evaluating A Scale-driven Wearable Diagnostic Assessment System for Children with ADHD
Jiang, X., Chen, Y., Huang, W., Zhang, T., Gao, C., Xing, Y., & Zheng, Y. (2020) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3313831.3376374 · Cited by 29
Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder: Controversies of Diagnosis and Safety of Pharmacological and Nonpharmacological Treatment
Benner, S. J., & Heaton, P. C. (2007) · Current Drug Safety · doi:10.2174/157488607779315444 · Cited by 29
“For example, boys with ADHD present with more disruptive, rule-breaking behavior and learning disabilities than girls [ 12-14 ].”
Background
Sex Differences in Attentional Performance and Their Modulation by Methylphenidate in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Günther, T., Herpertz‐Dahlmann, B., & Konrad, K. (2010) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2009.0060 · Cited by 29
“Due to a later referral and diagnosis of ADHD in girls (Abikoff et al. 2002) and a higher probability for male sex to be treated with stimluants (Charach et al. 2006; Miller et al. 2008), it is possible that ﬁndings in a nonreferred sample would be different.”
Impaired Memory for Instructions in Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Is Improved by Action at Presentation and Recall
Yang, T., Allen, R. J., Holmes, J., & Chan, R. C. K. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00039 · Cited by 31
“…and those relying on behavior ratings suggest that children with ADHD comply less with classroom instructions and are more Frontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.org 1 January 2017 | Volume 8 | Article 39 prone to breaking rules than their typically developing peers (Abikoff et al., 2002).”
Background
Analysis of Critical Incidents and Shifting Perspectives: Transitions in Illness Careers Among Adolescents With ADHD
Williamson, P. S., Koro‐Ljungberg, M., & Bussing, R. (2009) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732308329683 · Cited by 27
“In the literature, high rates of verbal and relational aggression among girls with ADHD have been reported (Abikoff et al., 2002; Blachman & Hinshaw, 2002; Ohan & Johnston, 2007).”
Background
Coexisting Disorders and Academic Achievement Among Children With ADHD
Barnard-Brak, L. M., Sulak, T., & Fearon, D. D. (2010) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054710369667 · Cited by 26
“Regardless of the explanatory view of coexisting disorders, or comorbidity, employed by a researcher or practitioner, children with coexisting disorders often exhibit more severe symptomologies because of the compounding nature of the multiple disorders (Abikoff et al., 2002; Kadesjo & Gillberg, 2001; Thapar et al., 2…”
Background
Further Insight into the Effectiveness of a Behavioral Teacher Program Targeting ADHD Symptoms Using Actigraphy, Classroom Observations and Peer Ratings
Veenman, B., Luman, M., & Oosterlaan, J. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01157 · Cited by 29
“High interrater reliability has been reported for all categories of the COC (φ = 0.80–1.00, M = 0.91; Abikoff et al., 2002).”
BackgroundInfluential
Exploring Female Students’ Experiences of ADHD and its Impact on Social, Academic, and Psychological Functioning
Morley, E., & Tyrrell, A. (2023) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547231168432 · Cited by 43
Efficacy of the First Step to Success Intervention for Students with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Seeley, J. R., Small, J. W., Walker, H. M., Feil, E. G., Severson, H. H., Golly, A. M., & Forness, S. R. (2009) · School Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s12310-008-9003-4 · Cited by 25
Trajectories of Emotional and Conduct Problems and Their Association With Early High School Achievement and Engagement for Adolescents With ADHD
Zendarski, N. J., Mensah, F. K., Hiscock, H., & Sciberras, E. (2019) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054719833167 · Cited by 25
“…on standardized academic tests (Sayal et al., 2015) and directly assessed math and reading achievement (Breslau et al., 2009), as well as poor school attendance (Classi, Milton, Ward, Sarsour, & Johnston, 2012), and poor classroom behavior in elementary school children (Abikoff et al., 2002).”
Background
An Investigation of the Academic Processing Speed of Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders Served in Public School Settings
Benner, G. J., Allor, J. H., & Mooney, P. (2008) · Education and Treatment of Children · doi:10.1353/etc.0.0006 · Cited by 25
“These results were consistent with those of earlier investigations (e.g., Abikoff et al., 2002; Lane, O’Shaughnessy, Lambros, & Gresham, 2001; Ma�ison, Spitznagel, & Felix, 1998) indicating that conduct (e.g., aggression, delinquency) and a�ention problems were related to academic achievement.”
Result
Kindergarten classroom functioning of extremely preterm/extremely low birth weight children
Wong, T., Taylor, H. G., Klein, N., Espy, K. A., Anselmo, M. G., Minich, N. M., & Hack, M. (2014) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2014.09.011 · Cited by 24
“Previous research on classroom behaviors reveal higher rates of off-task behavior and lower rates of task engagement in children with ADHD compared to peers without ADHD, suggesting that the latter classroom characteristics may contribute to the academic underachievement that frequently accompanies this disorder [13,1…”
Background
Der Einfluss des Geschlechts auf die Selbstbeschreibung kindlicher ADHS-Symptome
Retz‐Junginger, P., Retz, W., Schneider, M., Schwitzgebel, P., Steinbach, E., Hengesch, G., & Rösler, M. (2007) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s00115-006-2242-4 · Cited by 24
Emotion Regulation and Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: The Effect of Varying Phonological Working Memory Demands
Tarle, S. J., Alderson, R. M., Arrington, E. F., & Roberts, D. K. (2019) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054719864636 · Cited by 29
“It is noted that our findings contrast previous findings that indicated boys with ADHD did not exhibit a greater number of solicitations during a frustration task (Melnick & Hinshaw, 2000) or classroom setting (Abikoff et al., 2002).”
Result
Efficacy and tolerability of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: sex and age effects and effect size across the day
Wigal, S. B., Kollins, S. H., Childress, A. C., & Adeyi, B. (2010) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/1753-2000-4-32 · Cited by 23
“Depression and anxiety may be more problematic in girls than in boys [16], whereas boys with ADHD are consistently reported to be more disruptive, more commonly involved in rule breaking, and more likely to have comorbid disruptive behavior disorders [17,18].”
BackgroundResult
ADHD Symptoms and Associated Psychopathology in a Community Sample of Adolescents From the European North of Russia
Ruchkin, V. V., Lorberg, B. A., Koposov, R. A., Schwab‐Stone, M., & Sukhodolsky, D. G. (2007) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054707305169 · Cited by 24
“study, girls with ADHD are less likely than boys to have comorbid disruptive behavior problems (Abikoff et al., 2002).”
BackgroundMethod
Social Skills Mediate the Association of ADHD and Depression in Preadolescents
Feldman, J. S., Tung, I., & Lee, S. S. (2016) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-016-9569-3 · Cited by 23
A Review of the Clinical Utility of Systematic Behavioral Observations in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Minder, F., Zuberer, A., Brandeis, D., & Drechsler, R. (2017) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-017-0776-2 · Cited by 23
“• Treatment outcome: significant effects of non-pharmacological interventions were found using the DPICS-R [120] and the MTA observational tool [161] (but not in [159]); no significant treatment effects were found using the GIPCI-R [129, 160], the CRS [166], or the PAICS [165].”
BackgroundInfluential
Academic Processing Speed Mediates the Influence of Both Externalizing Behavior and Language Skills on the Academic Skills of Students with Emotional Disturbance
Benner, G. J., Nelson, J. R., Allor, J. H., Mooney, P., & Dai, T. (2007) · Journal of Behavioral Education · doi:10.1007/s10864-007-9057-7 · Cited by 22
“Moreover, researchers of the Multimodal Treatment Study (Abikoff et al. 2002) found that the presence of co-morbid Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Disruptive Behavior Disorders were more strongly related to academic achievement deficits than either psychiatric disorders alone or in combination.”
Background
Gender differences in limbic responsiveness, by SPECT, following a pharmacologic challenge in healthy subjects
Adinoff, B., Devous, M., Best, S. E., Chandler, P., Alexander, D., Payne, K., Harris, T., & Williams, M. J. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00008-9 · Cited by 22
Writing abilities longitudinally predict academic outcomes of adolescents with ADHD.
Molitor, S. J., Langberg, J. M., Bourchtein, E., Eddy, L. D., Dvorsky, M. R., & Evans, S. W. (2016) · School Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1037/spq0000143 · Cited by 25
Distinct Patterns of Impaired Cognitive Control Among Boys and Girls with ADHD Across Development
Deronda, A. C., Zhao, Y., Seymour, K. E., Mostofsky, S. H., & Rosch, K. S. (2021) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-021-00792-2 · Cited by 23
Health, Dietary Habits, and Achievement Motivation in College Students With Self-Reported ADHD Diagnosis
Merkt, J., & Gawrilow, C. (2014) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054714523127 · Cited by 21
“Boys with ADHD showed more rule-breaking in school (Abikoff et al., 2002), and teachers, but not parents, reported more problems in boys (Derks, Hudziak, & Boomsma, 2007).”
Background
Friendships of Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Beristain, C. M., & Wiener, J. (2020) · Canadian Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1177/0829573520936469 · Cited by 23
“Children with ADHD, particularly those who have comorbid ODD or CD symptoms, are more likely to engage in aggressive behaviour (Abikoff et al., 2002; Hodgens, Cole, & Boldizar, 2002) in their interactions with peers, which further impairs their social relationships.”
Background
Differential Association of Youth Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Anxiety With Delinquency and Aggression
Falk, A. E., Lee, S. S., & Chorpita, B. F. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2015.1055858 · Cited by 24
“In a study of 502 boys and girls ages 7–10, children with ADHD only and children with ADHDþ anxiety showed comparable levels of rule-breaking behavior (Abikoff et al., 2002); among 368 children and adolescents, anxiety disorders in the context of ADHD were unrelated to aggression (Connor, Chartier, Preen, & Kaplan, 20…”
Background
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and gender
Sassi, R. B. (2010) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-009-0121-2 · Cited by 20
“…disorder; not surprisingly, prevalence studies were influenced by this selection bias, leading to a biased underrepresentation of the prevalence of ADHD in girls, who tend to present with more inattentive than hyperactive symptoms, as well as less dramatic behavioral symptoms (Abikoff et al. 2002).”
Background
Perceptions of ADHD Symptoms in Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Attributions and Stigma
Varma, A., & Wiener, J. (2020) · Canadian Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1177/0829573520936459 · Cited by 19
“The fact that ADHD symptoms, and especially hyperactive-impulsive behaviors, are seen as more normative and socially acceptable in boys than in girls (Abikoff et al., 2002), may have contributed to these results.”
Result
Pragmatic Deficits in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Kessler, P. B., & Ikuta, T. (2023) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547231161534 · Cited by 29
Teachers’ social representation of students with Asperger diagnosis
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“Moreover, male teachers are much less likely to refer students with different kinds of problematic behaviour to remedial centres, instead attempting to support them within the classroom setting (Abikoff, Jensen, and Arnold 2002; Coles et al. 2012; McIntyre 1990).”
Background
Asthma Induction During Development and Adult Lung Function, Behavior and Brain Gene Expression
Caulfield, J. I., Caruso, M. J., Bourne, R. A., Chirichella, N. R., Klein, L. C., Craig, T., Bonneau, R. H., August, A., & Cavigelli, S. A. (2018) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00188 · Cited by 19
“Males tend to show increased rates of behavioral and developmental disorders like attention deficit hyperactivity disorder compared to females, whereas females tend to exhibit higher rates of anxiety, depression and other mood disorders (Andersen and Teicher, 2000; Abikoff et al., 2002; Roza et al., 2003; Holder and B…”
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Individual child factors affecting the diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents: a systematic review
Tam, L. Y. C., Taechameekietichai, Y., & Allen, J. L. (2024) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-024-02590-9 · Cited by 27
“Parent and teacher ratings of severity and impairment may reflect preconceived expectations regarding child behavior, or the strain they experience in relation to child behavior [107, 108].”
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Intensified testing for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in girls should reduce depression and smoking in adult females and the prevalence of ADHD in the longterm
Pinkhardt, E. H., Kassubek, J., Brummer, D., Kölch, M. G., Ludolph, A. C., Fegert, J. M., & Ludolph, A. G. (2009) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2008.11.025 · Cited by 19
Childhood ODD and ADHD behavior: The effect of classroom sharing, gender, teacher gender and their interactions
de Zeeuw, E. L., van Beijsterveldt, C. E. M., Lubke, G. H., Glasner, T. J., & Boomsma, D. I. (2015) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-015-9712-z · Cited by 17
“the ratio between boys and girls on population versus clinical level is bias in the ratings of the teacher (Abikoff et al., 2002; Derks, Hudziak & Boomsma, 2007; Sciutto, Nolfi & Bluhm, 2004), because one criterion for a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) diagnosis is that symptoms are pres…”
Background
The Impact of Idle Time in the Classroom
Imeraj, L., Antrop, I., Roeyers, H., Deboutte, D., Deschepper, E., Bal, S., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2013) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054713478464 · Cited by 24
“, 2006; Fergusson & Horwood, 1995), the classroom represents an environment of choice to observe behavioral symptoms in children with ADHD (Abikoff et al., 2002; Junod, DuPaul, Jitendra, Volpe, & Cleary, 2006).”
BackgroundInfluential
Young in class: Implications for inattentive/hyperactive behaviour of Canadian boys and girls
Chen, K. S., Fortin, N. M., & Phipps, S. (2015) · Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d économique · doi:10.1111/caje.12174 · Cited by 17
Understanding ADHD in Girls: Identification and Social Characteristics.
Grskovic, J. A., & Zentall, T. R. (2010) · International Journal of Special Education (IJSE) · Cited by 17
Teachers' evaluations for the detection of primary‐school children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Kypriotaki, M., & Manolitsis, G. (2010) · European Journal of Special Needs Education · doi:10.1080/08856257.2010.492940 · Cited by 16
“This can be because of the different way the symptoms are manifested in boys and girls respectively (Abikoff et al. 2002), as well as to the fact that ADHD is more frequent in boys than in girls.”
Background
Gender Differences in Self-Reported Symptomatology and Working Memory in College Students with ADHD.
Kercood, S., Lineweaver, T. T., & Kugler, J. (2015) · The Journal of Postsecondary Education and Disability · Cited by 15
Co-occurring Aggressive and Depressive Symptoms as Related to Overestimations of Competence in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Jiang, Y., & Johnston, C. (2013) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-013-0158-7 · Cited by 22
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“A higher prevalence of autism spectrum disorder, DI, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder have been observed in males [23, 24].”
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Classroom Changes in ADHD Symptoms Following Clinic-Based Behavior Therapy
Curtis, D. F., Chapman, S., Dempsey, J. R., & Mire, S. S. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-012-9307-2 · Cited by 18
“While these behaviors depict the core symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, other externalizing behaviors such as aggression, oppositionality, and other conduct problems frequently manifest within the classroom subsequent to ADHD (Abikoff et al., 2002; Pelham & Fabiano, 2001).”
Background
Class Collective Efficacy and Class Size as Moderators of the Relationship between Junior Middle School Students’ Externalizing Behavior and Academic Engagement: A Multilevel Study
Tian, Y., Bian, Y., Han, P., Gao, F., & Wang, P. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01219 · Cited by 15
“, 2003), which would lead students to become involved in disruptive non-academic behavior rather than appropriately engaging in academic tasks (Abikoff et al., 2002; Junod et al., 2006).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Adverse experiences of women with undiagnosed ADHD and the invaluable role of diagnosis
Holden, E., & Kobayashi-Wood, H. E. H. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-04782-y · Cited by 24
“Following King’s 47 process, we used previous research findings 3–6, 18– 25 Codes and themes for analyses were generated through an iterative process through HKW revision, and through discussion with EH.”
Social factors affect motor and anxiety behaviors in the animal model of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders: A housing-style factor
Tsai, M., Kozłowska, A., Li, Y.-S., Shen, W.-L., & Huang, A. C. W. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.05.008 · Cited by 13
“However, many previous studies have shown that anxiety behavior is frequently comorbid with ADHD (Abikoff et al., 2002; Chao et al., 2008; Clarke et al., 2005; Lahey et al., 2007; Owens and Hinshaw, 2013; Skogli et al., 2013).”
Primary school teachers' knowledge, attitudes and behaviours toward children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Kos, J. M. (2004) · Cited by 14
The Ecology of ADHD in the Schools
Rogers, M., Boggia, J., Ogg, J. A., & Volpe, R. J. (2015) · Current Developmental Disorders Reports · doi:10.1007/s40474-015-0038-6 · Cited by 14
Pediatric Off-label Antipsychotic Use for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Lee, H., Zhang, C., Rose, R. A., & dosReis, S. (2022) · Clinical Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2022.07.011 · Cited by 13
The Effects of the First Step to Success Program on Academic Engagement Behaviors of Turkish Students With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Özdemir, S. (2010) · Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions · doi:10.1177/1098300710373503 · Cited by 13
“Although these children often demonstrate low adaptive functioning and tremendous difficulty in academic performance (Abikoff et al., 2002; Barkley, 2006; DuPaul & Stoner, 2003; Vile Junod, DuPaul, Jitendra, Volpe, & Cleary, 2006), the studies available provide little evidence for effective multicomponent intervention…”
Background
Oppositional Defiant Disorder Dimensions: Associations with Traits of the Multidimensional Personality Model among Adults
Gomez, R., & Stavropoulos, V. (2019) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-019-09663-y · Cited by 13
Psychometric Validation of the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scales–Parent Version (RCADS-P) in Children Evaluated for ADHD
Becker, S. P., Schindler, D. N., Luebbe, A. M., Tamm, L., & Epstein, J. N. (2017) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191117735886 · Cited by 14
“However, Abikoff et al. (2002) did not the find the presence of a comorbid anxiety disorder to have a dampening effect on any observed classroom behaviors, including motor and out-of-seat behaviors, though separate anxiety disorders/dimensions were not examined.”
BackgroundInfluential
CORRELATES OF CONDUCT PROBLEMS AND DEPRESSION COMORBIDITY IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL BOYS AND GIRLS RECEIVING SPECIAL EDUCATIONAL SERVICES
Poirier, M., Déry, M., Toupin, J., Verlaan, P., Lemelin, J., & Jagiellowicz, J. (2015) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.21832 · Cited by 12
Unterrichtsverhalten von Kindern mit Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörungen
Lauth, G. W., & Mackowiak, K. (2004) · Kindheit und Entwicklung · doi:10.1026/0942-5403.13.3.158 · Cited by 12
Self-inserted foreign body and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Evaluated by the Conners’ Parent Rating Scales-Revised
Özcan, K., Özcan, Ö., Muluk, N. B., Cingi, C., & Durukan, K. (2013) · International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology · doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2013.09.020 · Cited by 11
Autoestima y locus de control en niños con trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad
Garza-Morales, S. J., Núñez-Villaseñor, P. S., & Vladimirsky-Guiloff, A. (2007) · Boletín Médico del Hospital Infantil de México · Cited by 10
Is Positive Bias in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder a Function of Low Competence or Disorder Status?
Watabe, Y., Owens, J. S., Serrano, V. J., & Evans, S. W. (2017) · Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders · doi:10.1177/1063426616683376 · Cited by 10
“Many children with ADHD exhibit severe levels of impairment in multiple domains of functioning, including academic achievement (Hinshaw, 1992), social interaction (Hoza et al., 2005), and behavioral conduct (Abikoff et al., 2002).”
Background
Stress-Induced Drinking in Parents of Boys with Attention-Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder: Heterogeneous Groups in an Experimental Study of Adult-Child Interactions
Kashdan, T. B., Adams, L. M., Kleiman, E. M., Pelham, W. E., & Lang, A. R. (2013) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-013-9735-y · Cited by 11
Self-citation
Epidemiological patterns and correlates of mental disorders among orphans and vulnerable children under institutional care
Mutiso, V., Musyimi, C. W., Tele, A., & Ndetei, D. M. (2016) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-016-1291-7 · Cited by 10
Measuring impairment when diagnosing adolescent ADHD: Differentiating problems due to ADHD versus other sources
Vázquez, A. L., Sibley, M. H., & Campez, M. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.03.083 · Cited by 9
Children, health and gender: recognition in nursing research?
Taylor, J., & Green, L. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2008.02633.x · Cited by 10
Contributors to the social goals and outcomes of students with ADHD with and without LD
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“Teachers and parents reported, and children with ADHD self-reported, that they over-reacted to the good and bad events in their daily lives (Abikoff et al., 2002; Eisenberg et al., 1997; Moon et al., 2001).”
Background
The Brief Problem Monitor (BPM-Y/BPM-P) Among Chinese Youth: Psychometric Properties and Measurement Invariance
Xu, W., Wang, M., Zhang, X., & Liu, Y. (2021) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-021-09927-7 · Cited by 9
Substance use severity as a predictor for receiving medication for opioid use disorder among adolescents: An analysis of the 2019 TEDS
Welsh, J. W., Sitar, S. I., Hunter, B. D., Godley, M. D., & Dennis, M. L. (2023) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.109850 · Cited by 9
Teachers’ Perceptions and Practices Towards Inclusive Education for Children with ADHD in Scotland: A Qualitative Investigation
Wilson, C., Green, C. N., Toye, M. K., & Ballantyne, C. J. (2023) · International Journal of Disability Development and Education · doi:10.1080/1034912x.2023.2266374 · Cited by 9
“Such a finding is in line with research which argues that boys are disproportionately diagnosed with ADHD because they are more likely to disrupt classroom routines, prompting teachers to refer them for assessment (Abikoff et al., 2002, Kok et al., 2016).”
Contribution of the Behavioral Observation of Students in Schools to ADHD Assessment
Jiang, Y., Capriotti, M. R., Beaulieu, A., Rooney, M. E., McBurnett, K., & Pfiffner, L. J. (2019) · School Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s12310-019-09313-5 · Cited by 11
“Second, we predicted that BOSS TE would be negatively associated with teacher-rated ODD due to findings that oppositionality may decrease academic engagement (Abikoff et al., 2002).”
BackgroundInfluential
Attributional Responses to Students With Attention-Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder Who Fail
Wood, J. G., & Benton, S. L. (2005) · Teacher Education and Special Education The Journal of the Teacher Education Division of the Council for Exceptional Children · doi:10.1177/088840640502800402 · Cited by 9
Intellectual function in children with teacher reported language problems
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Effectiveness of Child-centered Play Therapy and Person-centered Teacher Consultation on ADHD Behavioral Problems of Elementary School Children: a Single Case Design.
Schottelkorb, A. A. (2007) · doi:10.12794/metadc5125 · Cited by 9
Dimensions of cognition, behaviour, and mental health in struggling learners: A spotlight on girls
Guy, J., Mareva, S., Franckel, G., the CALM Team, & Holmes, J. (2022) · JCPP Advances · doi:10.1002/jcv2.12082 · Cited by 8
“This could mean that externalising symptoms and overt behaviours commonly associated with ADHD are genuinely more prevalent and manifest in boys (e.g., Abikoff et al., 2002).”
Background
Examination‐related anxiety in students diagnosed with AD/HD and the case for an allocation of extra time: perspectives of teachers, mothers and students
Taylor, M. F., & Houghton, S. J. (2008) · Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties · doi:10.1080/13632750802027663 · Cited by 8
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Identifying Girls With the Inattentive Type
Zambo, D. M. (2008) · Intervention in School and Clinic · doi:10.1177/1053451208318873 · Cited by 8
“, 2004), to be socially withdrawn, to have low self-esteem, and to suffer from peer rejection (Abikoff et al., 2002; Arnold, 1996; Arnold et al., 1997; Berry et al., 1985).”
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Developmental Links between Teacher-Child Closeness and Disobedience for Boys Placed in Special Education
Breeman, L. D., van Lier, P. A. C., Wubbels, T., Verhulst, F. C., van der Ende, J., Maras, A., Hopman, J. A. B., & Tick, N. T. (2017) · Exceptionality · doi:10.1080/09362835.2017.1283624 · Cited by 8
“Many children with EBD thus show poor self-regulation skills and have difficulties in using implicit rules of social communication, making them more likely to pay minimal attention to what their teachers are saying, interrupt their teachers’ communication, violate classroom rules, and respond aggressively to the teach…”
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Assessment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder with Children
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Girls with social and/or attention impairments
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Producing ADHD: An ethnographic study of behavioural discourses of early childhood
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Authors: Abikoff, H. B., Jensen, P. S., Arnold, L. L. E., Hoza, B., Hechtman, L., Pollack, S., Martin, D., Alvir, J., March, J. S., Hinshaw, S., Vitiello, B., Newcorn, J., Greiner, A., Cantwell, D. P., Conners, C. K., Elliott, G., Greenhill, L. L., Kraemer, H., Pelham, W. E., Severe, J. B., Swanson, J. M., Wells, K., & Wigal, T.
Affiliations: New York University (US)
New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
Purdue University West Lafayette (US)
Montreal Children's Hospital (CA)
St. John's University (US)
Nassau Community College (US)
Duke Medical Center (US)
University of California, Berkeley (US)
National Institute of Mental Health (US)
University of Pittsburgh (US)
Duke University (US)
University of California, San Francisco (US)
Columbia University (US)
Stanford University (US)
University at Buffalo, State University of New York (US)
National Institutes of Health (US)
University of California, Irvine (US)
Corresponding author: Abikoff, Howard B.
ORCID: Abikoff, Howard B.
Jensen, Peter S.
Hoza, Betsy
Hechtman, Lily
Pollack, Simcha
Alvir, Jose
Hinshaw, Stephen
Vitiello, Benedetto
Newcorn, Jeffrey
Elliott, Glen
Greenhill, Laurence L.
Kraemer, Helena
Pelham, William E.
Swanson, James M.
Wells, Karen
Venue: Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2002-08
Volume: 30
Issue: 4
Pages: 349-359
ISSN: 0091-0627 (ISSN-L)
1573-2835
DOI: 10.1023/a:1015713807297
OpenAlex: W1560568018
Cited by: 367
References: 54
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 20
FWCI: 4.50
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (tdm)
www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (vor)
Locations: Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Institutional Research Information System University of Turin (University of Turin) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (U01 MH50447, U01MH50461, U01MH50440, U01MH050467, U01MH50454, U01MH050447, U01MH050440, U01MH050453, U01MH50467, U01MH050461, U01MH50453, U01MH050454)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
Keywords: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, classroom behavior, gender differences, comorbidities, anxiety disorders, disruptive behavior disorders, rule violations, externalizing problems, verbal aggression, behavioral suppression, rater bias
MeSH terms: Anxiety Disorders, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Child Behavior Disorders, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Male, Personality Assessment, Prognosis, Sex Factors, Social Behavior, Comorbidity, Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders

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Observed Classroom Behavior of Children with ADHD: Relationship to Gender and Comorbidity

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