Cited by 174Origins and Evolution of LifeSpace Science and Extraterrestrial LifeRNA and protein synthesis mechanisms

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 59 of the 60 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The Cold Origin of Life: B. Implications Based on Pyrimidines and Purines Produced From Frozen Ammonium Cyanide Solutions

Miyakawa, Shin, Cleaves, H. James, Miller, Stanley L.·2002·Origins of life and evolution of the biosphere

DOI 10.1023/a:1019514022822

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

A wide variety of pyrimidines and purines were identified as products of a dilute frozen ammonium cyanide solution that had been held at -78 degrees C for 27 years. This demonstrates that both pyrimidines and purines could have been produced on the primitive earth in a short time by eutectic concentration of HCN, even though the concentration of HCN in the primitive ocean may have been low. We suggest that eutectic freezing is the most plausible demonstrated mechanism by which HCN polymerizations could have produced biologically important prebiotic compounds.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1023/a:1019514022822

Cites

59 of 59 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Handbook of derivatives for chromatography
Blau, K., & Halket, J. M. (1978) · Andalas University Repository (Andalas University) · Cited by 795
Activated Acetic Acid by Carbon Fixation on (Fe,Ni)S Under Primordial Conditions
Huber, C., & Wächtershäuser, G. (1997) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.276.5310.245 · Cited by 714
Peptides by Activation of Amino Acids with CO on (Ni,Fe)S Surfaces: Implications for the Origin of Life
Huber, C., & Wächtershäuser, G. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.281.5377.670 · Cited by 645
Enzymatic incorporation of a new base pair into DNA and RNA extends the genetic alphabet
Piccirilli, J. A., Benner, S. A., Krauch, T., Moroney, S. E., & Benner, S. A. (1990) · Nature · doi:10.1038/343033a0 · Cited by 636
Infrared Observations of the Saturnian System from Voyager 1
Hanel, R., Conrath, B. J., Flasar, F. M., Kunde, V. G., Maguire, W., Pearl, J. C., Pirraglia, J. A., Samuelson, R. E., Herath, L. W., Allison, M., et al. (1981) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.212.4491.192 · Cited by 576
Chemical evolution.
Calvin, M. (1969) · PubMed · Cited by 560
Synthesis of adenine from ammonium cyanide
Oro, J. A. (1960) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/0006-291x(60)90138-8 · Cited by 482
A Nonhyperthermophilic Common Ancestor to Extant Life Forms
Galtier, N., Tourasse, N., & Gouy, M. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.283.5399.220 · Cited by 442
Primordial Carbonylated Iron-Sulfur Compounds and the Synthesis of Pyruvate
Cody, G. D., Boctor, N. Z., Filley, T. R., Hazen, R. M., Scott, J. H., Sharma, A., & Yoder, H. S. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.289.5483.1337 · Cited by 441
Mechanism of Synthesis of Adenine from Hydrogen Cyanide under Possible Primitive Earth Conditions
ORÓ, J. (1961) · Nature · doi:10.1038/1911193a0 · Cited by 396

Show all 60 references

Research works printed but not linked: 1

Corliss, J. B., Baross, J. A., and Hoffman, S. E.: 1981, An Hypothesis Concerning the Relationship between Submarine Hot Springs and the Origin of Life on Earth, Oceanologica Acta Supplement to Vol. 4, 59–69.

Sorted by citations

Items 101–174 of 174

Evolution of the first genetic cells and the universal genetic code: A hypothesis based on macromolecular coevolution of RNA and proteins
Rouch, D. A. (2014) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.06.003 · Cited by 15
Catalysis and Selectivity in Prebiotic Synthesis: Initiation of the Formation of Oligo(U)s on Montmorillonite Clay by Adenosine-5′-methylphosphate
Wang, K.-J., & Ferris, J. P. (2005) · Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres · doi:10.1007/s11084-005-0657-8 · Cited by 15
Guanine synthesis from 4-aminoimidazole-5-carbonitrile: A computational mechanistic study
Choe, J. C. (2018) · Chemical Physics Letters · doi:10.1016/j.cplett.2018.08.004 · Cited by 14
From Democritus to Schrödinger: a reflection on quantum molecular modeling
Vasilescu, D., & Adrian-Scotto, M. (2010) · Structural Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s11224-010-9665-z · Cited by 13
Kinetic Analysis of Oligo(C) Formation from the 5′-Monophosphorimidazolide of Cytidine with Pb(II) Ion Catalyst at 10–75°C
Kawamura, K., & Maeda, J. (2007) · Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres · doi:10.1007/s11084-006-9063-0 · Cited by 14
Mapping the Landscape of Potentially Primordial Informational Oligomers: (3′→2′)‐ D ‐Phosphoglyceric Acid Linked Acyclic Oligonucleotides Tagged with 2,4‐Disubstituted 5‐Aminopyrimidines as Recognition Elements
Hernández‐Rodríguez, M., Xie, J. H., Osornio, Y. M., & Krishnamurthy, R. (2011) · Chemistry - An Asian Journal · doi:10.1002/asia.201000828 · Cited by 13
Dissipative Photochemical Abiogenesis of the Purines
Hernández, C., & Michaelian, K. (2022) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e24081027 · Cited by 12
Kinetics and Activation Parameter Analysis for the Prebiotic Oligocytidylate Formation on Na+-Montmorillonite at 0−100 °C
Kawamura, K., & Maeda, J. (2008) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry A · doi:10.1021/jp801969g · Cited by 14
Orotidine‐Containing RNA: Implications for the Hierarchical Selection (Systems Chemistry Emergence) of RNA
Kim, E., Martin, V., & Krishnamurthy, R. (2017) · Chemistry - A European Journal · doi:10.1002/chem.201702912 · Cited by 12
Chemical evolution of RNA under hydrothermal conditions and the role of thermal copolymers of amino acids for the prebiotic degradation and formation of RNA
Kawamura, K., Nagahama, M., & Kuranoue, K. (2005) · Advances in Space Research · doi:10.1016/j.asr.2005.04.071 · Cited by 11
Prebiotic Synthesis of ATP: A Terrestrial Volcanism-Dependent Pathway
Chu, X., & Zhang, H. (2023) · Life · doi:10.3390/life13030731 · Cited by 11
Infrared Spectral Signatures of Nucleobases in Interstellar Ices I: Purines
Rosa, C. A., Bergantini, A., Herczku, P., Mifsud, D. V., Lakatos, G., Kovács, S., Sulik, B., Juhász, Z., Ioppolo, S., Quitián-Lara, H. M., et al. (2023) · Life · doi:10.3390/life13112208 · Cited by 9
Self-catalytic mechanism of prebiotic reactions: from formamide to pterins and guanine
Enchev, V., & Slavova, S. (2021) · Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics · doi:10.1039/d1cp02158c · Cited by 11
Primordial soup, fool's gold, and spontaneous generation
McNichol, J. C. (2008) · Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education · doi:10.1002/bmb.20194 · Cited by 11
The Prebiotic Chemistry of Alternative Nucleic Acids
Cleaves, H. J., & Bada, J. L. (2012) · Cellular origin and life in extreme habitats · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-2941-4_1 · Cited by 12
Self-citation
Mackinawite‐Supported Reduction of C 1 Substrates into Prebiotically Relevant Precursors
Grosch, M., Stiebritz, M. T., Bolney, R., Winkler, M., Jückstock, E., Busch, H., Peters, S., Siegle, A. F., van Slageren, J., Ribbe, M. W., et al. (2022) · ChemSystemsChem · doi:10.1002/syst.202200010 · Cited by 9
Reactivity of Cyanide at Water-Ice Interfaces: Implications for the Search for Organics on Icy Worlds
Marín‐Yaseli, M. R., González‐Toril, E., & Ruiz‐Bermejo, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences · doi:10.3389/fspas.2020.519017 · Cited by 9
Mineral-Organic Interactions in Prebiotic Synthesis: The Discontinuous Synthesis Model for the Formation of RNA in Naturally Complex Geological Environments
Benner, S. A., Kim, H.-J., & Biondi, E. (2018) · Nucleic Acids and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-93584-3_3 · Cited by 10
Self-Shielding Enhanced Organics Synthesis in an Early Reduced Earth’s Atmosphere
Yoshida, T., Koyama, S., Nakamura, Y., Terada, N., & Kuramoto, K. (2024) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2024.0048 · Cited by 9
Structure of 2,4-Diaminopyrimidine–Theobromine Alternate Base Pairs
Gengeliczki, Z., Callahan, M. P., Kabeláč, M., Rijs, A. M., & de Vries, M. S. (2011) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry A · doi:10.1021/jp205831n · Cited by 8
The Use of Ascorbate as an Oxidation Inhibitor in Prebiotic Amino Acid Synthesis: A Cautionary Note
Kuwahara, H., Eto, M., Kawamoto, Y., Kurihara, H., Kaneko, T., Obayashi, Y., & Kobayashi, K. (2012) · Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres · doi:10.1007/s11084-012-9296-z · Cited by 10
Impact of M Dwarfs Ultraviolet Radiation on Prebiotic Chemistry: The Case of Adenine
Armas-Vázquez, M. Z., González‐Espinoza, C. E., Segura, A., Heredia, A., & Miranda-Rosete, A. (2023) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2022.0050 · Cited by 8
On the potential of mass spectrometry-based metabolite profiling approaches to the study of biochemical adaptation in psychrophilic yeast
Dalluge, J. J., & Connell, L. B. (2013) · Extremophiles · doi:10.1007/s00792-013-0577-x · Cited by 8
Compatibility of Amino Acids in Ice Ih: Implications for the Origin of Life
Hao, J., Giovenco, E., Pedreira-Segade, U., Montagnac, G., & Daniel, I. (2018) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2017.1735 · Cited by 8
Radiolysis of solid-state nitrogen heterocycles provides clues to their abundance in the early solar system
Hammer, P. G., Yi, R., Yoda, I., Cleaves, H. J., & Callahan, M. P. (2018) · International Journal of Astrobiology · doi:10.1017/s1473550418000265 · Cited by 8
Self-citation
Nucleic acid bases in Titan tholins and possible genetic systems in the Titan liquidosphere
Kawai, J., Kebukawa, Y., McKay, C. P., & Kobayashi, K. (2018) · Life Sciences in Space Research · doi:10.1016/j.lssr.2018.11.002 · Cited by 7
Quantifying Uncertainty in Sustainable Biomass and Production of Biotic Carbon in Enceladus' Notional Methanogenic Biosphere
Higgins, P. M., Chen, W., Glein, C. R., Cockell, C. S., & Lollar, B. S. (2024) · Journal of Geophysical Research Planets · doi:10.1029/2023je008166 · Cited by 7
Possible Role of Metal(II) Octacyanomolybdate(IV) in Chemical Evolution: Interaction with Ribose Nucleotides
Kumar, A., & Kamaluddin, K. (2012) · Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres · doi:10.1007/s11084-012-9319-9 · Cited by 7
The Chemistry of the Origin of Life
Botta, O. (2004) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/1-4020-2305-7_15 · Cited by 7
Microbial life in martian ice: A biotic origin of methane on Mars?
Price, P. B. (2010) · Planetary and Space Science · doi:10.1016/j.pss.2010.04.013 · Cited by 7
Nucleobases on the Primitive Earth: Their Sources and Stabilities
Cleaves, H. J. (2018) · Nucleic acids and molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-93584-3_1 · Cited by 6
Self-citation
A Suggested Pioneer Organism for the Wächtershäuser Origin of Life Hypothesis
Kundell, F. A. (2010) · Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres · doi:10.1007/s11084-010-9217-y · Cited by 6
A Novel Synthesis of Biomolecular Precursors
Saladino, R., Crestini, C., Ciciriello, F., Costanzo, G., Negri, R., & Mauro, E. D. (2004) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/1-4020-2305-7_16 · Cited by 6
Mapping the Landscape of Potentially Primordial Informational Oligomers: Oligo‐dipeptides Tagged with Orotic Acid Derivatives as Recognition Elements
Zhang, X., & Krishnamurthy, R. (2009) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.200904188 · Cited by 5
A Perspective on the Importance of Reproductive Mode in Astrobiology
Doninck, K. V., Schön, I., & Martens, K. (2003) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/153110703322735999 · Cited by 5
Mini-ribozymes and freezing environment: a new scenario for the early RNA worldPreprint
Vlassov, A. V. (2005) · doi:10.5194/bgd-2-1719-2005 · Cited by 5
Low-Temperature Limits of Microbial Growth and Metabolism
Price, P. B. (2014) · ASM Press eBooks · doi:10.1128/9781555817183.ch12 · Cited by 4
The Prebiotic Chemistry of Nitrogen and the Origin of Life
Summers, D. P. (2012) · Cellular origin and life in extreme habitats · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-2941-4_12 · Cited by 4
On the Ability of Formaldehyde to Act as a Tethering Catalyst in Water
Jamshidi, M. P., Macdonald, M., & Beauchemin, A. M. (2017) · Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres · doi:10.1007/s11084-017-9538-1 · Cited by 4
Plausibility of Early Life in a Relatively Wide Temperature Range: Clues from Simulated Metabolic Network Expansion
Chu, X., Chen, S.-M., Zhao, K., Tian, T., Gao, J., & Zhang, H. (2021) · Life · doi:10.3390/life11080738 · Cited by 4
Hypothesized Microenvironments for the Origin of Microbial Life on Earth
Trevors, J. T., Bej, A. K., & van Elsas, J. D. (2012) · Cellular origin and life in extreme habitats · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-2941-4_39 · Cited by 4
Neoarchean paleosols in the Eastern Fennoscandian Shield of Central Karelia, Russia, and their paleoatmospheric implication
Bakaeva, A., Chazhengina, S. Y., & Светов, С. А. (2024) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2024.112319 · Cited by 3
Rapid hydrolysis rates of thio- and phosphate esters constrain the origin of metabolism to cool, acidic to neutral environments
Sanden, S., Butch, C. J., Bartlett, S., Virgo, N., Sekine, Y., & McGlynn, S. E. (2024) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2024.111088 · Cited by 3
From building blocks to cells
Ditzler, M. A., Popović, M., & Zajkowski, T. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-824162-2.00010-5 · Cited by 3
Amino Acid and Anticodon Enhance Metabolic Reaction Rates Weakly but Specifically: Genetic Code World
Shimizu, M. (2007) · Journal of the Physical Society of Japan · doi:10.1143/jpsj.76.053801 · Cited by 3
Experimental Models on the Prebiotic Formation of Biopolymer Building Blocks
Menor-Salván, C., & Ruiz‐Bermejo, M. (2025) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1177/15311074251365950 · Cited by 5
How Does Adenine Form from Hydrogen Cyanide?
Cappelletti, M., & Rahm, M. (2026) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.5c09522 · Cited by 3
Ring‐Closure on the Rocks in a Prebiotic Environment
Ter‐Ovanessian, L. M. P., Maurel, M., & Lambert, J. (2023) · ChemBioChem · doi:10.1002/cbic.202300143 · Cited by 2
EIS UND DIE ENTSTEHUNG DES LEBENS (ICE AND THE ORIGIN OF LIFE)
Trinks, H., Schröder, W. P., & Biebricher, C. Κ. (2003) · Cited by 2
Expliquer les origines de la vie : structures et schèmes explicatifs
Malaterre, C. (2008) · Noesis · doi:10.4000/noesis.1656 · Cited by 3
Precambrian Lunar Volcanic Protolife
Green, J. (2009) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms10062681 · Cited by 2
The tautomer‐specific excited state dynamics of 2,6‐diaminopurine using resonance‐enhanced multiphoton ionization and quantum chemical calculations
Gate, G., Williams, A., Boldissar, S., Šponer, J., Szabla, R., & de Vries, M. S. (2023) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1111/php.13897 · Cited by 2
Formose Reaction
Cleaves, H. J. (2015) · Encyclopedia of Astrobiology · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-44185-5_587 · Cited by 2
Self-citation
Formose Reaction
Cleaves, H. J. J. (2023) · Encyclopedia of Astrobiology · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-65093-6_587 · Cited by 2
Self-citation
Quantum Chemical Insights into the Dissociation of Phenol: Shedding Light on Impact Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Icy Moon Exploration
O’Sullivan, T. R., Bera, P. P., Khawaja, N., Napoleoni, M., Abel, B., & Postberg, F. (2026) · ACS Earth and Space Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acsearthspacechem.5c00318 · Cited by 1
Origin of the Genetic Code and Abiotic Synthesis of Organic Compounds
Martins, Z. (2012) · Cellular origin and life in extreme habitats · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4966-5_16 · Cited by 1
HCN-Derived Polymers: From Prebiotic Chemistry to Materials Science
Ruiz‐Bermejo, M., de la Fuente, J. L., Pérez-Fernández, C., & Mateo‐Martí, E. (2024) · Advances in material research and technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-62186-4_3 · Cited by 1
Origins of Life, Molecular Basis of
Ferris, J. P. (2006) · Wiley-VCH eBooks · doi:10.1002/3527600906.mcb.200400020
RNA-mediated chemistries: a case of replication and capping
Zaher, H. S. (2007) · Summit (Simon Fraser University)
How Did Initial Life-Related Molecules Appear on Earth?
Makishima, A. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-812058-3.00009-0
Investigating Hydrothermal and Radiation Effects on Nitrogen Heterocycles Relevant to Meteorite Parent Bodies
Hammer, P. G. (2017) · doi:10.18122/b2mt40
Nucleic Acid Base
Callahan, M. P. (2014) · Encyclopedia of Astrobiology · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_1080-3
Formose Reaction
Cleaves, H. J. (2014) · Encyclopedia of Astrobiology · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_587-3
Self-citation
Nucleic Acid Base
Callahan, M. P. (2015) · Encyclopedia of Astrobiology · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-44185-5_1080
The Handy Formamide Model System for Prebiotic Chemistry
Saladino, R., Bizzarri, B. M., & Mauro, E. D. (2022) · Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks · doi:10.1039/9781839164798-00293
Formose Reaction
Cleaves, H. J. J. (2022) · Encyclopedia of Astrobiology · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_587-4
Self-citation
Nucleic Acid Base
Callahan, M. P. (2023) · Encyclopedia of Astrobiology · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-65093-6_1080
Artificial Seawater Models Affect Sorption of Adenine and Related Molecules Sorption onto Montmorillonite: Implications for Early Mars and Earth Oceans
Ferreira, G. W., Pintor, B. E., Samulewski, R. B., & Zaia, D. A. M. (2025) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.5c03351
Other Theories and Hypotheses
Rauchfuss, H., & Mitchell, T. N. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-78823-2_7
Apparition d'un métabolisme primitif dans les scénarios géochimiques d'origine de la vie. Avant le monde ARN
Ter‐Ovanessian, L. M. P. (2022) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/127363f6z9511z4582z9a7azd31ee7d91f30
Phosphorylation of prebiotic precursors on the early Earth
Shvetsova, A. (2023) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/f29e48aezf058z4ca4za37czb7fc87d89620
The RNA World Hypothesis: A Critical Reassessment of Prebiotic Plausibility
Truman, R. J. (2026) · BioCosmos · doi:10.2478/biocosmos-2026-0003
Formation and redox evolution of Earth’s early atmosphere and hydrosphere
Vulpius, S., Runge, E., Herwartz, D., Pack, A., Brachmann, C., & Noack, L. (2026) · Nature Reviews Earth & Environment · doi:10.1038/s43017-026-00803-0
Distribution of purine and pyrimidine bases in Antarctic carbonaceous meteorites
Oba, Y., Tomaru, T., Koga, T., Furukawa, Y., SUNAMI, S., Yoshimura, T., Hirakawa, Y., Ogawa, N. O., Ohkouchi, N., Kuwamoto, K., et al. (2026) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2026.06.040

Authors: Miyakawa, S., Cleaves, H. J., & Miller, S. L.
Affiliations: Yokohama National University (JP)
University of California San Diego (US)
ORCID: Cleaves, H. James
Venue: Origins of life and evolution of the biosphere
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2002-06
Volume: 32
Issue: 3
Pages: 209-218
ISSN: 0169-6149 (ISSN-L)
1573-0875
DOI: 10.1023/a:1019514022822
OpenAlex: W1570440484
Cited by: 174
References: 60
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 15
FWCI: 4.23
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (tdm)
www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (vor)
Locations: Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Origins and Evolution of Life
Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Space Science and Extraterrestrial Life
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms
Keywords: origin of life, pyrimidines, purines, ammonium cyanide, frozen solutions, prebiotic chemistry, early Earth, nucleobase synthesis
MeSH terms: Origin of Life, Cold Temperature, Cyanides, Purines, Pyrimidines, Solutions

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

The Cold Origin of Life: B. Implications Based on Pyrimidines and Purines Produced From Frozen Ammonium Cyanide Solutions

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks