Intelligence without representation – Merleau-Ponty's critique of mental representation The relevance of phenomenology to scientific explanation

Phenomenology of Perception

Merleau-Ponty, M. (1982) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203981139 · Cited by 11,945

Phenomenology of Perception.

Warnock, M., Merleau-Ponty, M., & Smith, C. (1964) · The Philosophical Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2217780 · Cited by 3,175

Mind Over Machine

Dreyfus, H. L., Dreyfus, S. E., Athanasiou, E., & Tom (1986) · Cited by 1,567

The Physiology of Perception

Freeman, W. J. (1991) · Scientific American · doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0291-78 · Cited by 905

Hubert Dreyfus, what computers still can't do

McCarthy, J. (1996) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/0004-3702(95)00086-0 · Cited by 381

John Searle and his Critics.

Macdonald, G., Lepore, E., & Gulick, R. V. (1994) · The Philosophical Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2219752 · Cited by 102

Consciousness, Plasticity, and Connectomics: The Role of Intersubjectivity in Human Cognition

Allen, M., & Williams, G. (2011) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00020 · Cited by 40

We Make Up the Rules as We Go Along: Improvisation as an Essential Aspect of Human Practices?

Bertinetto, A., & Bertram, G. W. (2020) · Open Philosophy · doi:10.1515/opphil-2020-0012 · Cited by 35

Re-embodiment: incorporation through embodied learning of wheelchair skills

Standal, Ø. F. (2010) · Medicine Health Care and Philosophy · doi:10.1007/s11019-010-9286-8 · Cited by 35

Types of abduction in tool behavior

Caruana, F., & Cuccio, V. (2015) · Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11097-015-9450-y · Cited by 32

Knowledge and mentality

Pavese, C. (2021) · Philosophical Perspectives · doi:10.1111/phpe.12150 · Cited by 32

Truth and Disclosure in Qualitative Research: Implications of Hermeneutic Realism

Yanchar, S. C. (2015) · Qualitative Research in Psychology · doi:10.1080/14780887.2014.933460 · Cited by 62

Doing without believing: Intellectualism, knowledge-how, and belief-attribution

Brownstein, M., & Michaelson, E. (2015) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-015-0888-9 · Cited by 32

The Sound of Silence: Merleau‐Ponty on Conscious Thought

Walsh, P. J. (2016) · European Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.1111/ejop.12207 · Cited by 31

Self-Making Man: A Day of Action, Life, and Language

Streeck, J. (2017) · Cited by 31

Forgetting ourselves in flow: an active inference account of flow states and how we experience ourselves within them

Parvizi-Wayne, D., Sandved-Smith, L., Pitliya, R. J., Limanowski, J., Tufft, M. R. A., & Friston, K. J. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1354719 · Cited by 37

Cognitive Transformations and Extended Expertise

Menary, R., & Kirchhoff, M. D. (2013) · Educational Philosophy and Theory · doi:10.1080/00131857.2013.779209 · Cited by 34

Beyond Collaboration: Embodied Teacher Learning and the Discourse of Collaboration in Education Reform

Riveros, A. (2012) · Studies in Philosophy and Education · doi:10.1007/s11217-012-9323-6 · Cited by 30

Merleau‐Ponty on abstract thought in mathematics and natural science

Matherne, S. (2018) · European Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.1111/ejop.12315 · Cited by 29

Merleau-ponty Meets Kretchmar: Sweet Tensions of Embodied Learning

Standal, Ø. F., & Moe, V. F. (2011) · Sport Ethics and Philosophy · doi:10.1080/17511321.2011.602580 · Cited by 29

Reflective Situated Normativity

van den Herik, J. C., & Rietveld, E. (2021) · Philosophical Studies · doi:10.1007/s11098-021-01605-4 · Cited by 32

Should Soldiers Think before They Shoot?

Eriksen, J. W. (2010) · Journal of Military Ethics · doi:10.1080/15027570.2010.510861 · Cited by 28

Learning as embodied familiarization.

Yanchar, S. C., Spackman, J. S., & Faulconer, J. E. (2013) · Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0031012 · Cited by 28

Representing Without Representations

Rowlands, M. (2012) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 27

Practical Perception and Intelligent Action

Bengson, J. (2016) · Philosophical Issues · doi:10.1111/phis.12081 · Cited by 27

Investigating Dance Improvisation: From Spontaneity to Agency

Ravn, S. (2020) · Dance Research Journal · doi:10.1017/s0149767720000182 · Cited by 27

The role of expertise in playful learning activities: A design-based self-study within teacher education aimed at the development of tabletop role-playing games

Boysen, M. S. W., Lund, O., Jørnø, R. L. V., & Skovbjerg, H. M. (2023) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2023.104128 · Cited by 27

The role of skill in sport

Breivik, G. (2016) · Sport Ethics and Philosophy · doi:10.1080/17511321.2016.1217917 · Cited by 26

Multimodal Sensory-Spatial Integration and Retrieval of Trained Motor Patterns for Body Coordination in Musicians and Dancers

Ladda, A. M., Wallwork, S. B., & Lotze, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.576120 · Cited by 32

Habit and the explanation of action

Ližardo, O. (2021) · Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour · doi:10.1111/jtsb.12273 · Cited by 26

Skills as Knowledge

Pavese, C., & Beddor, B. (2022) · Australasian Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.1080/00048402.2022.2056753 · Cited by 26

Getting a Grip on the Classroom: From Psychological to Phenomenological Curriculum Development in Teacher Education Programs

Garcia, J. A., & Lewis, T. E. (2014) · Curriculum Inquiry · doi:10.1111/curi.12042 · Cited by 26

How to Understand Skill Acquisition in Sport

Moe, V. F. (2004) · Bulletin of Science Technology & Society · doi:10.1177/0270467604264996 · Cited by 26

Tradition and Cognitive Science

Turner, S. (2003) · Philosophy of the Social Sciences · doi:10.1177/0048393102250282 · Cited by 26

Phenomenology and the Norms of Perception

Doyon, M. (2024) · doi:10.1093/9780191993527.001.0001 · Cited by 26

Is it normal to be a principal mindreader? Revising theories of social cognition on the basis of schizophrenia and high functioning autism-spectrum disorders

Froese, T., Stanghellini, G., & Bertelli, M. O. (2013) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2013.01.005 · Cited by 28

Perceptual Modalities: Modes of Presentation or Modes of Interaction?

McGann, M. (2010) · PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation) · Cited by 25

Revaluing the behaviorist ghost in enactivism and embodied cognition

Alksnis, N., & Reynolds, J. (2019) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-019-02432-1 · Cited by 24

Innovative action as skilled affordance‐responsiveness: An embodied‐mind approach

Yakhlef, A., & Rietveld, E. (2019) · Creativity and Innovation Management · doi:10.1111/caim.12345 · Cited by 26

Design process re-visited in the first year design studio: between intuition and reasoning

Orbey, B., & Erdoğdu, G. P. S. (2020) · International Journal of Technology and Design Education · doi:10.1007/s10798-020-09573-2 · Cited by 24

The Pragmatic Intelligence of Habits

Miyahara, K., & Robertson, I. (2021) · Topoi · doi:10.1007/s11245-020-09735-w · Cited by 24

Distributed Cognition in Sports Teams: Explaining successful and expert performance

Williamson, K., & Cox, R. E. (2013) · Educational Philosophy and Theory · doi:10.1080/00131857.2013.779215 · Cited by 24

Explaining social norm compliance. A plea for neural representations

Colombo, M. (2013) · Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11097-013-9296-0 · Cited by 24

Non-representational approaches to the unconscious in the phenomenology of Husserl and Merleau-Ponty

Kozyreva, A. (2016) · Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11097-016-9492-9 · Cited by 24

Is There a Future for AI Without Representation?

Müller, V. C. (2007) · Minds and Machines · doi:10.1007/s11023-007-9067-1 · Cited by 24

Intention at the Interface

Fridland, E. (2019) · Review of Philosophy and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s13164-019-00452-x · Cited by 23

Skill and strategic control

Fridland, E. (2021) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-021-03053-3 · Cited by 23

Cognitive extension, enhancement, and the phenomenology of thinking

Walsh, P. J. (2016) · Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11097-016-9461-3 · Cited by 23

Embodied Education and Education of the Body: The Phenomenological Perspective

Francesconi, D., & Tarozzi, M. (2019) · Phänomenologische Erziehungswissenschaft · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-25517-6_12 · Cited by 22

Intercorporeity and the first-person plural in Merleau-Ponty

Walsh, P. J. (2019) · Continental Philosophy Review · doi:10.1007/s11007-019-09480-x · Cited by 22

From Inanimate Object to Agent: Impact of Pre-beginnings on the Emergence of Greetings with a Robot

Rudaz, D., Tatarian, K., Stower, R. E., & Licoppe, C. (2023) · ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction · doi:10.1145/3575806 · Cited by 25

What's Lacking in Online Learning? Dreyfus, Merleau-Ponty and Bodily Affective Understanding

WARD, D. (2018) · Journal of Philosophy of Education · doi:10.1111/1467-9752.12305 · Cited by 22

Mindful Performance

Gallagher, S. (2019) · Perspectives in pragmatics, psychology & philosophy · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-22090-7_3 · Cited by 22

Neither mindful nor mindless, but minded: habits, ecological psychology, and skilled performance

Segundo‐Ortin, M., & Heras-Escribano, M. (2021) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-021-03238-w · Cited by 21

Exposing the Background: Deep and Local

Hutto, D. D. (2012) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9780230368064_3 · Cited by 21

Action, affordances, and anorexia: body representation and basic cognition

Gadsby, S., & Williams, D. R. (2018) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-018-1843-3 · Cited by 21

Phenomenological coping skills and the striatal memory system

Ennen, E. (2003) · Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1023/b:phen.0000007368.66888.78 · Cited by 21

Ground-Level Intelligence: Action-Oriented Representation and the Dynamics of the Background

Cappuccio, M. L., & Wheeler, M. (2012) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9780230368064_2 · Cited by 21

Scanning the Lifeworld

Gallagher, S. (2011) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444343359.ch4 · Cited by 21

Taking Stock of Extension Theory of Technology

Steinert, S. (2015) · Philosophy & Technology · doi:10.1007/s13347-014-0186-3 · Cited by 20

Is It Possible to “Incorporate” a Scar? Revisiting a Basic Concept in Phenomenology

Slatman, J. (2016) · Human Studies · doi:10.1007/s10746-015-9372-2 · Cited by 20

Theory, practice and performance

Gallagher, S. (2016) · Connection Science · doi:10.1080/09540091.2016.1272098 · Cited by 20

The Racer's Mind—How Core Perceptual-Cognitive Expertise Is Reflected in Deliberate Practice Procedures in Professional Motorsport

Lappi, O. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01294 · Cited by 25

Typologies of Design Practice

Dorst, K., & van Overveld, K. (2009) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-51667-1.50021-5 · Cited by 19

Transforming Body, Emerging Utterance: Technique Acquisition at a Puppet Theater

Okui, H. (2017) · Phenomenology & Practice · doi:10.29173/pandpr29335 · Cited by 18

La pericia perceptivo-motriz y cognición en el deporte: del enfoque ecológico y dinámico a la enacción

Villarroel, C. A., Pérez, L. M. R., Navia, J. A., Collado, N. R., & Rivas, D. S. (2014) · Anales de Psicología · doi:10.6018/analesps.30.2.158611 · Cited by 20

Strategy, Intentionality and Success: Four Logics for Explaining Strategic Action

Chia, R., & Holt, R. (2023) · Organization Theory · doi:10.1177/26317877231186436 · Cited by 18

Institutional expertise in the Service-Dominant Logic: Knowing how and knowing what

Purvis, M., & Purvis, M. (2012) · Journal of Marketing Management · doi:10.1080/0267257x.2012.742454 · Cited by 18

The Inescapable Corporeality of Occupation: Integrating Merleau-Ponty into the Study of Occupation

Bailliard, A., Carroll, A., & Dallman, A. (2017) · Journal of Occupational Science · doi:10.1080/14427591.2017.1397536 · Cited by 18

Historical and Philosophical Foundations of Psychology

Farrell, M. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511843853 · Cited by 18

Dreyfus is right: knowledge-that limits your skill

Cappuccio, M. L. (2023) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-023-04248-6 · Cited by 17

The phenomenology of sharing: social media networking, asserting, and telling

Zingale, N. C. (2013) · Journal of Public Affairs · doi:10.1002/pa.1468 · Cited by 17

Strategy emergence as wayfinding

Bouty, I., Gomez, M.-L., & Chia, R. (2019) · ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) · doi:10.3917/mana.223.0438 · Cited by 23

Eye‐opener: Drawing landscape near and far

Wylie, J. W., & Webster, C. (2018) · Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers · doi:10.1111/tran.12267 · Cited by 17

Habit, sedimentation and institutions

Gallagher, S. (2025) · Cogent Arts and Humanities · doi:10.1080/23311983.2025.2480879 · Cited by 16

Making autoethnography: crafting intimate, social and material relations

Holdsworth, C. (2022) · International Journal of Social Research Methodology · doi:10.1080/13645579.2022.2160415 · Cited by 17

Strengths and weaknesses of reflection as a guide to action: pressure assails performance in multiple ways

Carr, T. H. (2014) · Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11097-014-9401-z · Cited by 16

Wax On, Wax Off! Habits, Sport Skills, and Motor Intentionality

Cappuccio, M. L., Miyahara, K., & Ilundáin‐Agurruza, J. (2020) · Topoi · doi:10.1007/s11245-020-09720-3 · Cited by 19

Breaking the Perception-Action Cycle: Experimental Phenomenology of Non-Sense and its Implications for Theories of Perception and Movement Science

Dotov, D. G., & Chemero, A. P. (2014) · Palgrave Macmillan eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137363367_2 · Cited by 16

An Anscombean Perspective on Habitual Action

Kalis, A., & Ometto, D. (2019) · Topoi · doi:10.1007/s11245-019-09651-8 · Cited by 16

A inclusão da subjetividade no ensino da Psicopatologia

Junior, O. D. D. S., Leal, E. M., Louzada, R. D. C. R., & Filho, J. F. D. S. (2007) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · Cited by 16

Cognition Without Neural Representation: Dynamics of a Complex System

Hipólito, I. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.643276 · Cited by 22

From embodiment to emplacement: Toward understanding occupation as body-mind-environment

Bailliard, A., Agostine, S., Bristol, S. K., & Syu, Y.-C. (2022) · Journal of Occupational Science · doi:10.1080/14427591.2022.2031261 · Cited by 20

Classifying acoustic signals into phoneme categories: average and dyslexic readers make use of complex dynamical patterns and multifractal scaling properties of the speech signal

Hasselman, F. (2015) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.837 · Cited by 15

From Alan Turing to modern AI: practical solutions and an implicit epistemic stance

Luger, G. F., & Chakrabarti, C. (2016) · AI & Society · doi:10.1007/s00146-016-0646-7 · Cited by 18

An ecological approach to normativity

Presti, P. L. (2016) · Adaptive Behavior · doi:10.1177/1059712315622976 · Cited by 15

How students experience integration and perceive development of the ability to integrate learning

Chipamaunga, S. R., & Prozesky, D. R. (2018) · Advances in Health Sciences Education · doi:10.1007/s10459-018-9850-1 · Cited by 18

Empirical and Phenomenological Studies of Embodied Cognition

Morris, D. L. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2646-0_13 · Cited by 15

Skillful coping with and through technologies

Coeckelbergh, M. (2018) · AI & Society · doi:10.1007/s00146-018-0810-3 · Cited by 14

Revisiting embodiment for brain–computer interfaces

Serim, B., Spapé, M., & Jacucci, G. (2023) · Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/07370024.2023.2170801 · Cited by 15

The Pragmatics of Sustainable Unmaking: Informing Technology Design through e-Waste Folk Strategies

Khan, A. H., Sabie, S., & Vyas, D. (2023) · Designing Interactive Systems Conference · doi:10.1145/3563657.3596056 · Cited by 14

Enactive Interaction in Support of Creative Learning: A Systematic Literature Review

Carbajal, M. L., & Baranauskas, M. C. C. (2024) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2024.2353425 · Cited by 14

Bodies and Other Objects

Ellis, R. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781107446809 · Cited by 17

Foundations of the Learning Sciences

Nathan, M. J., & Sawyer, R. K. (2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108888295.004 · Cited by 18

A Phenomenological Perspective on Researching Work and Learning

Dall’Alba, G., & Sandberg, J. (2014) · Springer international handbooks of education · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-8902-8_11 · Cited by 16

Systems constellations: A better way to identify branding opportunities?

Jurg, W. E., Bloemer, J. M. M., Doorewaard, H., Peelen, E., & Simons, R. (2007) · Journal of Brand Management · doi:10.1057/palgrave.bm.2550116 · Cited by 14

Bicycle kicks and camp sites: Towards a phenomenological theory of game feel with special attention towards ‘rhythm’

Walther, B. K., & Larsen, L. J. (2019) · Convergence The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies · doi:10.1177/1354856519885033 · Cited by 14

Understanding the hermeneutics of digital materiality in contemporary architectural modelling: a material engagement perspective

Poulsgaard, K. S., & Malafouris, L. (2020) · AI & Society · doi:10.1007/s00146-020-01044-5 · Cited by 18

Design Tools and Framing Practices

Glock, F. (2003) · Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) · doi:10.1023/a:1023984313005 · Cited by 14

Reasoning, Representing, and Generalizing in Geometric Proof Problems among 8th Grade Talented Students

Uclés, R. R., & Ruiz-Hidalgo, J. F. (2022) · Mathematics · doi:10.3390/math10050789 · Cited by 13

The perception of affordances; towards an ecological-enactive model of teacher noticing, expertise and development

Aspbury-Miyanishi, E. (2024) · Professional Development in Education · doi:10.1080/19415257.2024.2374340 · Cited by 13

Having The Last Laugh: The Value of Humour in Invasion Games

Aggerholm, K., & Ronglan, L. T. (2012) · Sport Ethics and Philosophy · doi:10.1080/17511321.2012.689321 · Cited by 13

‘Seeing isn’t doing’: Examining tensions between bodies, videogames and technologies ‘beyond’ the game

Egliston, B. (2019) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/1461444819875078 · Cited by 13

Habits of Mind

Legg, C., & Reynolds, J. (2022) · European Journal of Pragmatism and American Philosophy · doi:10.4000/ejpap.2994 · Cited by 13

Neuroscientific implications for situated and embodied artificial intelligence

Downing, K. L. (2007) · Connection Science · doi:10.1080/09540090701192584 · Cited by 13

Representations in Dynamical Embodied Agents: Re‐Analyzing a Minimally Cognitive Model Agent

Mirolli, M. (2012) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/j.1551-6709.2012.01233.x · Cited by 13

A phenomenology of skill acquisition as the basis for a Merleau-Pontian nonrepresentational cognitive science

Dreyfus, H. L. (n.d.) · PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation) · Cited by 1

Merleau-Ponty and Recent Cognitive Science

Dreyfus, H. L. (2004) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/ccol0521809894.006 · Cited by 83

Merleau-Ponty and Recent Cognitive Science (2004)

Dreyfus, H. L. (2014) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199654703.003.0012 · Cited by 6

Merleau-Ponty reivindicado por la neurociencia

Dreyfus, H. L. (2001) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja)

The challenge of Merleau-Ponty's phenomenology of embodiment for cognitive science

Dreyfus, H. L., & Dreyfus, S. E. (1999) · doi:10.4324/9780203905258-17 · Cited by 100