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Are Discrepancies Among Child, Mother, and Father Reports on Children's Behavior Related to Parents' Psychological Symptoms and Aspects of Parent–Child Relationships?
Abstract
Examined whether parents' symptoms and qualitative and quantitative aspects of parent-child relationships make unique contributions to mothers' and fathers' reports of, and mother-child, father-child, and father-mother discrepancies on, children's behavior. Participants were 100 children, aged 10-12, and their mothers and fathers. Parents' symptoms and parent-child relationships made unique contributions to both parents' ratings of externalizing behavior. Although parent-child relationship variables were related to both parents' ratings of internalizing behavior, only parents' symptoms made unique contributions. On mother-child and father-child discrepancies, differences emerged between mother and father, and internalizing and externalizing behaviors. Both fathers' and mothers' symptoms contributed to father-mother discrepancies on both behavior types, with parent-child relationships contributing unique variance to discrepancies on internalizing behavior. Results highlight the importance of each informant's symptoms and relationship variables in understanding informant discrepancies.
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“These self-report measures may introduce subjective bias as cognitive-affective aspects of paternal depressive symptoms may impact on fathers' perceptions of both the father-child relationship and their child's problem behaviours (Treutler & Epkins, 2003).”
From The effects of paternal depression on child and adolescent outcomes: A systematic review (2016) · cites this paper as Treutler & Epkins, 2003
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Turek, J. J. (2015) · KU ScholarWorks (University of Kansas)
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Mother-Child Discrepancies in Reporting Children’s Close Relationships
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Perfectly Alone (and Anxious): A Test of the Perfectionism Social Disconnection Model in Adolescents
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Pascarella, L. A. (2018) · ThinkTech (Texas Tech University)
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Psychological Assessment in Child Mental Health Settings
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Ahlfs-Dunn, S. M. (2010)
Liskola, K., Raaska, H. K., Lapinleimu, H., Lipsanen, J. O., Sinkkonen, J., & Elovainio, M. J. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-271280/v1
“…hypothesis, previous research has demonstrated that parents’ depression and anxiety are associated with over-reporting children’s problem behaviours (De Los Reyes & Kazdin, 2005; Gartstein et al., 2009; Hennigan, O'Keefe, Noether, Rinehart, & Russell, 2006; Treutler & Epkins, 2003).”
ResultSmith, C. V., Bilsky, S. A., Fuentes, J. D., & Hadden, B. W. (2023) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-023-02604-1
“In addition, we encourage future research to collect data from both parents as well as offspring, as consistency or discrepancy may have unique implications for both parents and children (De Los Reyes & Kazdin, 2005; Treutler & Epkins, 2003).”
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Çocukların Ev İçi ve Ev Dışı Ortamlardaki Duygusal İfadeleri
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“Various contributing factors to higher parent-child reporting discrepancy have been identified (Kolko & Kazdin, 1993; Treutler & Epkins, 2003), including relationship quality (Kim et al., 2016; Robinson et al., 2019; Yang et al., 2021).”
Dennis, C., & Sorkhou, M. (2025) · Evidence-Based Nursing · doi:10.1136/ebnurs-2025-104307
“In such cases, where clinical presentation is subtle and caregiver reporting may be influenced by stress and there is limited access to developmental resources or difficulty in interpreting early behavioural signs, 5 task-based assessments offer an additional pathway for early identification.”
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Booth, C., Moreno‐Agostino, D., & Fitzsimons, E. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26588715
From social anxiety to identity formation: The bridging roles of self-esteem and speech avoidance
Kardash, O. L., Arden, A., Ohana, H., & Benish‐Weisman, M. (2026) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2026.152662 · Cited by 1
Deneault, A., Tarraf, A., Bordeleau, C., Gariépy, M., Myre, G., Gagné, A., Beaulieu, L., & Racine, N. M. (2026) · Child Protection and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.chipro.2026.100291 · Cited by 1
Morrison, M. C., Sharp, J., Hynes, W. T., & Peer, S. O. (2025) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsaf108
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“…acceptance, communication, and openness (Weems et al. 2010), which could support the interpretation of sex‐ and age‐specific patterns of matches and mismatches and the screening decision‐making process (De Los Reyes et al. 2022; De Los Reyes 2011; Treutler and Epkins 2003; Weems et al. 2010).”
Wang, Y., Womer, F. Y., Karcher, N. R., Wang, Y., Zhou, K., Zhang, R., Wang, X., Yang, W., Zhang, X., Lin, Y., et al. (2026) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-026-03010-w
“Treutler and Epkins emphasized the significance of caregiver involvement and effective communication in fostering consensus between caregivers and adolescents [62].”
Wang, H., Wang, X., Meng, F., & Wang, H. (2026) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs16050729 · Cited by 1
“Following Treutler and Epkins (2003), frequency and intensity scores were multiplied and then averaged across domains, with higher scores indicating higher levels of parent–child conflict.”
Kaas, A. J., Pépin, O., Simonsen, S., Sørensen, P., Vaever, M., Egmose, I., & Hestbæk, E. (2026) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.70208
Do Parents and Teachers Agree Regarding Children Reactive and Proactive Aggression?
Machado, M. S., Santos, G., Castro, J., & Cardoso, C. S. D. F. L. P. (2026) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-026-10302-7
“Therefore, future studies should include more fathers’ reports to address their underrepresentation (Treutler & Epkins, 2003).”
Botin, M. K., Stark, H. L., Levickis, P. A., & Eadie, P. A. (2026) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.70117
Guidance Misaligned? The Moderating Role of Perceptual Discrepancies in Parental Mediation Effects
Chen, L., Tan, X., & Zhang, X. (2026) · Mass Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/15205436.2026.2703974
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“88 Therefore, differences in reporting sources may have affected the comparability of the findings between the two age groups, and the observed age-group differences should be interpreted with caution.”
Metadata
- Authors
- Treutler, C. M., & Epkins, C. C.
- Affiliations
- Texas Tech University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Epkins, Catherine C.
- Venue
- Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology
- Published
- 2003-02
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 13-27
- ISSN
- 0091-0627 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2835
- OpenAlex
- W226740661
- Cited by
- 344
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 11.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Demography › Family Dynamics and Relationships
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychology and Mental Health
- Keywords
- informant discrepancies, parent-child relationship, child behavior, externalizing problems, internalizing problems, mothers, fathers
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Child, Child Behavior Disorders, Father-Child Relations, Fathers, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Male, Mother-Child Relations, Mothers, Personality Assessment, Psychometrics, Reproducibility of Results, Observer Variation, Parenting
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