Cited by 345Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentFamily Dynamics and RelationshipsPsychology and Mental Health

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Are Discrepancies Among Child, Mother, and Father Reports on Children's Behavior Related to Parents' Psychological Symptoms and Aspects of Parent–Child Relationships?

Treutler, Christina M., Epkins, Catherine C.·2003·Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology

DOI 10.1023/a:1021765114434

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Abstract

Examined whether parents' symptoms and qualitative and quantitative aspects of parent-child relationships make unique contributions to mothers' and fathers' reports of, and mother-child, father-child, and father-mother discrepancies on, children's behavior. Participants were 100 children, aged 10-12, and their mothers and fathers. Parents' symptoms and parent-child relationships made unique contributions to both parents' ratings of externalizing behavior. Although parent-child relationship variables were related to both parents' ratings of internalizing behavior, only parents' symptoms made unique contributions. On mother-child and father-child discrepancies, differences emerged between mother and father, and internalizing and externalizing behaviors. Both fathers' and mothers' symptoms contributed to father-mother discrepancies on both behavior types, with parent-child relationships contributing unique variance to discrepancies on internalizing behavior. Results highlight the importance of each informant's symptoms and relationship variables in understanding informant discrepancies.

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Eng, C. M., Pocsai, M., Fulton, V. E., Moron, S., Thiessen, E. D., & Fisher, A. V. (2022) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.13328 · Cited by 25
“…respondents with parental depression, higher parenting stress, and “negative halo effects” stemming from increased stress while caring for young children and managing their behaviors (De Los Reyes & Kazdin, 2005; Kolko & Kazdin, 1993; Silver, 2014; Treutler & Epkins, 2003; Youngstrom et al., 2000).”
The generation gap in numbers: parent-child disagreement on youth’s emotional and behavioral problems
Vassi, I., Veltsista, A., Lagona, E., Gika, A. D., Kavadias, G., & Bakoula, C. (2008) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-008-0389-y · Cited by 19
Maternal Disciplinary Style with Preschool Children: Associations with Children's and Mothers' Trait Anxiety
Robinson, R., & Cartwright‐Hatton, S. (2007) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465807003797 · Cited by 19
Do subjective measures of attention and memory predict actual performance? Metacognition in older couples.
Volz‐Sidiropoulou, E., & Gauggel, S. (2011) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0025384 · Cited by 19
Parent‐child agreement on children's psychopathology and the impact of parental depression
Löchner, J., Hämmerle, S., Ghezih, S., Starman‐Wöhrle, K., Schulte‐Körne, G., & Platt, B. (2023) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1993 · Cited by 17
“A lack of family communication, that is often observed in families affected by mental illness, together with the interpretation of the interview questions might also cause the discrepancies (Kramer et al., 2004; Treutler & Epkins, 2003).”
Background
Changes in mental health outcomes with the intensive in‐home child and adolescent psychiatric service: a multi‐informant, latent consensus approach
Barbot, B., Bick, J. R., Bentley, M. J., Balestracci, K. M. B., WOOLSTON, J. L., Adnopoz, J. A., & Grigorenko, E. L. (2015) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1477 · Cited by 18
“Carlston and Ogles, 2006; Richters, 1992), informant’s own symptoms, relationship to the child (De Los Reyes and Kazdin, 2005; Treutler and Epkins, 2003), and environmental features (Kanne et al.”
Background
Free Daycare and Its Effects on Children and Their FamiliesPreprint
Busse, A., & Gathmann, C. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3169867 · Cited by 18
“There is also little evidence that any bias in parent-based reports is correlated with the socio-economic characteristics of parents (De Los Reyes and Kazdin, 2005; Treutler and Epkins, 2003).”
Parent experiences and developmental outcomes following neonatal stroke
Peterson, R. K., Williams, T. S., Dlamini, N., & Westmacott, R. (2020) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2020.1815855 · Cited by 17
“Researchers that have explored potential parent report bias have found mixed evidence, with some suggesting that greater parental distress (i.e., parents with diagnosed anxiety or depression) may over-report behavioral symptoms in their child (Chi & Hinshaw, 2002; Treutler & Epkins, 2003).”
Background
The effects of maternal depression on their perception of emotional and behavioral problems of their internationally adopted children
Liskola, K., Raaska, H. K., Lapinleimu, H., Lipsanen, J. O., Sinkkonen, J., & Elovainio, M. J. (2021) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-021-00396-0 · Cited by 17
“In support of the ABC model and depression-distortion hypothesis, previous research has demonstrated that parents’ depression and anxiety are associated with overreporting children’s problem behaviors [15, 20, 23, 46].”
Changes in adolescent and parent hopefulness in psychotherapy: effects on adolescent outcomes as evaluated by adolescents, parents, and therapists
Weis, R., & Ash, S. E. (2009) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760902992381 · Cited by 17
“Previous research has shown relatively low agreement between parent and child ratings of children's functioning (Truetler & Epkins, 2003 ).”
Examining Profiles of Family Functioning in Pediatric Asthma: Longitudinal Associations With Child Adjustment and Asthma Severity
Ghriwati, N. A., Winter, M. A., & Everhart, R. S. (2016) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsw089 · Cited by 17
Factors Associated With Caregiver–Child Symptom Concordance Among Trauma-Exposed Children
Wamser‐Nanney, R. A., & Campbell, C. L. (2020) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/1077559520927472 · Cited by 16
“…research should include other caregiver– child relationship factors that may impact child–caregiver symptom concordance such as attachment quality, levels of communication, and support in child–caregiver symptom concordance (Chi & Hinshaw, 2002; Kolko & Kazdin, 1993; Treutler & Epkins, 2003).”
Background
Early Developmental Cues for Diagnosis of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Young Children
Berger, I., & Nevo, Y. (2011) · Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/ddrr.1111 · Cited by 19
Adolescent Callous-Unemotional Traits and Parental Knowledge as Predictors of Unprotected Sex Among Youth
McCauley, K. L., Shadur, J. M., Hoffman, E. M., MacPherson, L., & Lejuez, C. W. (2015) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445515615355 · Cited by 17
“…in perceived child behavior problems are positively related to mother–child conflict (De Los Reyes & Kazdin, 2006), and parent–child relationship quality is also a significant predictor of discrepancies between parent and child reporting on children’s behavior (Treutler & Epkins, 2003).”
Background
Do parents perceive the abnormal eating attitudes of their adolescent children with anorexia nervosa?
Herrero, I. L., & Latorre, P. (2019) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1359104519864121 · Cited by 16
“…support previous studies that conclude that mothers are better at perceiving the internalizing symptoms of their children (Grietens et al., 2004; Treutler & Epkins, 2003), taking into account our perspective of considering AN as an internalizing disorder due to the special conditions already…”
BackgroundResult
A cross-sectional study of mother-child agreement on PTSD symptoms in a south Indian post-tsunami sample
Exenberger, S., Riedl, D., Rangaramanujam, K., Amirtharaj, V., & Juen, F. (2019) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-019-2408-9 · Cited by 16
Externalizing Behaviors among Children of HIV Seropositive Former and Current Drug Users: Parent Support Network Factors as Social Ecological Risks
Knowlton, A. R., Buchanan, A., Wissow, L. S., Pilowsky, D. J., & Latkin, C. A. (2007) · Journal of Urban Health · doi:10.1007/s11524-007-9236-9 · Cited by 16
“While there is no consensus in the literature, some evidence suggests that parent reports of externalizing, as compared to internalizing, behaviors show higher agreement with child reports, and therefore, has been suggested to be an important source of information on children’s externalizing behaviors.(57,58) Although…”
Background
Children's attributions for their own versus others' behavior: Influence of actor versus observer differences
Johnston, C., & Lee, C. M. (2005) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2005.02.005 · Cited by 16
Comparing self-report and parental report of psychopathologies in adolescents with substance use disorders
Kuitunen‐Paul, S., Eichler, A., Wiedmann, M. F., Basedow, L. A., Roessner, V., & Golub, Y. (2021) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-021-01865-9 · Cited by 16
Day occupation is associated with psychopathology for adolescents and young adults with Down syndrome
Foley, K., Jacoby, P. A., Einfeld, S., Girdler, S. J., Bourke, J., Riches, V. C., & Leonard, H. (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-014-0266-z · Cited by 15
Cross-Informant Ratings of Internalizing and Externalizing Behavior in Adolescent–Parent Pairs in Six Countries. Does Being Adopted Make a Difference?
Roskam, I., van der Voort, A., Juffer, F., Stiévenart, M., Bader, M., Muntean, A., Escobar, M. J., Santelices, M. P., Molina, P., Casonato, M., et al. (2016) · International Perspectives in Psychology · doi:10.1037/ipp0000063 · Cited by 15
“…Oldehinkel, Verhulst, & Ormel, 2008), as the discrepancies between adolescent–parent ratings have been shown to have clinical significance regarding psychopathology or family relationships (Breland-Noble & Weller, 2012; De Los Reyes & Kazdin, 2005; Ferdinand et al., 2004; Treutler & Epkins, 2003).”
Perceptions about marital conflict: Individual, dyadic, and family level effects
Ehrlich, K. B., vanDellen, M. R., Felton, J. W., Lejuez, C. W., & Cassidy, J. A. (2019) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407519829846 · Cited by 15
“In light of previous research on plausible predictors of informant discrepancies (Chi & Hinshaw, 2002; Ehrlich, Cassidy, & Dykas, 2011; Treutler & Epkins, 2003), we focused on two characteristics of individuals that might explain why husbands and wives disagree about the extent to which they have…”
Background
Why Mothers and Young Children Agree or Disagree in Their Reports of the Child’s Problem Behavior
Ringoot, A. P., van der Ende, J., Jansen, P. W., Measelle, J. R., Basten, M., So, P., Jaddoe, V. W. V., Albert Hofman, D., Verhulst, F. C., & Tiemeier, H. W. (2015) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-014-0531-x · Cited by 15
“gender and family socioeconomic status [5, 13–16]; parental psychopathology, ranging from parental depression and anxiety to anger and hostility [15, 17–23]; and dysfunctional interactions between family members [24].”
Background
Aggression in Children Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence: A Comparison of Maternal, Sibling, and Observer Perspectives
Piotrowski, C. C., Tachie, R.-M., & Cameranesi, M. (2017) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260517741624 · Cited by 15
“On the other hand, it stands in stark contrast to work showing that IPV-affected mothers tend to overestimate or have more negative perceptions of their children’s problem behaviors, including aggression, than other informants (Muller et al., 2011; Treutler & Epkins, 2003).”
Result
Changes in Adherence to the 24-Hour Movement Guidelines and Overweight and Obesity among Children in Northeastern Japan: A Longitudinal Study before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Kim, H., Ma, J., Kim, J., Xu, D., & Lee, S. (2021) · Obesities · doi:10.3390/obesities1030015 · Cited by 14
“The psychological state of the parents may have affected their responses as well as the assessment of the behaviors of their children [49].”
Background
Exploring Modeling-based Hypotheses in Preadolescent Girls’ and Boys’ Cognitive Vulnerability to Depression
Blount, T. H., & Epkins, C. C. (2008) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-008-9195-9 · Cited by 14
Self-citation
Does corporal punishment erode the quality of the mother–child interaction in early childhood?
Laible, D., Davis, A. N., Karahuta, E. L., & Norden, C. V. (2019) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.12427 · Cited by 14
Friends as Reporters of Children's and Adolescents' Depressive Symptoms
Swenson, L. P., & Rose, A. J. (2003) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1023/a:1026210223379 · Cited by 14
“Furthermore, this research employed correlations as the measure of agreement, and applying alternate indexes of agreement (e.g., q correlations) may provide additional information (see Treutler & Epkins, 2003, for a related discussion).”
MethodResult
Psychometric accuracy of the Dutch Child and Adolescent Trauma Screener
Kooij, L. H., Hein, I. M., Sachser, C., Bouwmeester, S., Bosse, M., & Lindauer, R. (2025) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2025.2450985 · Cited by 13
“Furthermore, Treutler and Epkins (2003) emphasize the significant influence of mothers’ and fathers’ psychological symptoms and other parent–child relationship variables on the rating of their child’s externalizing and internalizing behaviour.”
Cross-Sectional Associations Between Wake-Time Movement Compositions and Mental Health in Preschool Children With and Without Motor Coordination Problems
Brown, D. M. Y., KWAN, M. Y. W., King‐Dowling, S., & Cairney, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2021.752333 · Cited by 13
Parents and teachers reporting on a child’s emotional and behavioural problems following severe traumatic brain injury (TBI): The moderating effect of time
Silberg, T., Tal-Jacobi, D., Levav, M., Brezner, A., & Rassovsky, Y. (2014) · Brain Injury · doi:10.3109/02699052.2014.984758 · Cited by 17
“proximity and the amount of time spent with them are bound to influence their perceptions regarding the child’s psychological state [5, 6].”
Background
Comment les parents, les enseignants et les cliniciens évaluent les troubles du comportement externalisé du jeune enfant ? Étude de la variabilité des jugements évaluatifs et de son impact sur le développement de l’enfant
Roskam, I., Stiévenart, M., Meunier, J. C., de Moortele, G. V., Kinoo, P., & Nassogne, M. (2009) · Pratiques Psychologiques · doi:10.1016/j.prps.2009.06.001 · Cited by 13
Utility of the Illness Intrusiveness Scale in parents of children diagnosed with juvenile rheumatic diseases.
Fedele, D. A., Ryan, J. L., Ramsey, R. R., Grant, D. M., Bonner, M. S., Stermer, S. P., Mullins, L. L., Jarvis, J. N., & Chaney, J. M. (2012) · Rehabilitation Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0027003 · Cited by 13
Marital Status Disruptions and Internalizing Disorders of Children
Wallenborn, J. T., Chambers, G. J., Lowery, E. P., & Masho, S. W. (2019) · Psychiatry Journal · doi:10.1155/2019/4634967 · Cited by 12
Interpretation Biases and Childhood Anxiety: The Moderating Role of Parasympathetic Nervous System Reactivity
Trent, E. S., Viana, A. G., Raines, E. M., Woodward, E. C., Candelari, A. E., Storch, E. A., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2019) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-019-00605-7 · Cited by 13
The effect of emotional facial expressions on children’s working memory: Associations with age and behavior
Augusti, E., Torheim, H. K., & Melinder, A. M. D. (2012) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2012.749225 · Cited by 17
“Previous research has identified parents as biased in ratings of their children’s behavior, in particular influenced by the parent-child relationship (Treutler & Epkins, 2003), and the parents’ own well-being (Youngstrom, Izard, & Ackerman, 1999).”
Background
Does mother know best? Parental discrepancies in assessing child behavioral and educational outcomes
Gupta, N. D., Lausten, M., & Pozzoli, D. (2016) · Review of Economics of the Household · doi:10.1007/s11150-016-9341-1 · Cited by 11
“…status (Treutler and Epkins 2003), their levels of psychopathology (Krain and Kendall 2000), and of family characteristics, like the family status, the sibling birth order, the number of siblings and the familiarity of the child to the parent (Jensen et al. 1988; Treutler and Epkins 2003).”
Influential
Parent-Child Discrepancies in the Assessment of Internalizing/Externalizing Behavior
Lohaus, A., & Vierhaus, M. (2014) · Zeitschrift für Entwicklungspsychologie und Pädagogische Psychologie · doi:10.1026/0049-8637/a000095 · Cited by 11
Discrepancy between Parent and Child Report on Quality of Life and Behavioral Problems in Child and Adolescent cancer survivors and Healthy Control Group
김민희, 신윤정, 원성철, Lyu, C. J., Chung, K., & 이명아 (2011) · Korean Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.17315/kjhp.2011.16.3.004 · Cited by 11
The Covariates of Parent and Youth Reporting Differences on Youth Secondary Exposure to Community Violence
Zimmerman, G. M. (2014) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-014-0099-6 · Cited by 11
“For example, research indicates that reporting differences, in general, may be a function of parent psychopathology (see Andrews et al. 1993; Ehrlich et al. 2011; Treutler and Epkins 2003).”
Background
‘Needs expressed’ and ‘offers of care’: an observational study of mothers with somatisation disorder and their children
Bialas, I., & Craig, T. (2006) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01637.x · Cited by 11

Authors: Treutler, C. M., & Epkins, C. C.
Affiliations: Texas Tech University (US)
Corresponding author: Epkins, Catherine C.
Venue: Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2003-02
Volume: 31
Issue: 1
Pages: 13-27
ISSN: 0091-0627 (ISSN-L)
1573-2835
DOI: 10.1023/a:1021765114434
OpenAlex: W226740661
Cited by: 344
References: 51
Citations by year: 2026: 11 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 22
FWCI: 11.80
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (tdm)
www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (vor)
Locations: Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Demography › Family Dynamics and Relationships
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychology and Mental Health
Keywords: informant discrepancies, parent-child relationship, child behavior, externalizing problems, internalizing problems, mothers, fathers
MeSH terms: Adult, Child, Child Behavior Disorders, Father-Child Relations, Fathers, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Male, Mother-Child Relations, Mothers, Personality Assessment, Psychometrics, Reproducibility of Results, Observer Variation, Parenting

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Are Discrepancies Among Child, Mother, and Father Reports on Children's Behavior Related to Parents' Psychological Symptoms and Aspects of Parent–Child Relationships?

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