The DOI matches its Crossref record; 64 of the 64 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Learning to perceive and act by trial and error
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In the citing paper
“However, sensations from the world are aliased (10, 11) and do not convey locations directly.”
From Space is a latent sequence: A theory of the hippocampus (2024) · cites this paper as [10]
Citations
Cites
Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems
Holland, J. H. (1992) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/1090.001.0001 · Cited by 47,340
The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception
Bornstein, M. H., & Gibson, J. J. (1980) · The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism · doi:10.2307/429816 · Cited by 22,935
Bellman, R. E. (2010) · doi:10.1515/9781400835386 · Cited by 14,588
The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception: Classic Edition
Gibson, J. J. (2014) · doi:10.4324/9781315740218 · Cited by 12,132
A robust layered control system for a mobile robot
Brooks, R. (1986) · IEEE Journal on Robotics and Automation · doi:10.1109/jra.1986.1087032 · Cited by 7,799
Watkins, C. (1989) · OpenGrey (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique) · doi:10.17863/cam.132164 · Cited by 5,674
Learning to predict by the methods of temporal differences
Sutton, R. S. (1988) · Machine Learning · doi:10.1007/bf00115009 · Cited by 5,148
Neuronlike adaptive elements that can solve difficult learning control problems
Barto, A. G., Sutton, R. S., & Anderson, C. W. (1983) · IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics · doi:10.1109/tsmc.1983.6313077 · Cited by 3,325
Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 37
Touretzky, D. S. (2024) · doi:10.52202/079017 · Cited by 2,874
The Ecological Approach To Visual Perception
Gibson, J. J. (2013) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203767764 · Cited by 2,622
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Anderson, C. W. (1989). Towers of hanoi with connectionist networks: Learning new features. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Machine Learning (pp. 345?350). San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann.
- Bellman, R. E. (1957). Dynamic programming. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- Nilsson, N. J. (1989). Action networks. Proceedings of the Rochester Planning Workshop (Technical Report 284) (pp. 36?68). University of Rochester, Department of Computer Science.
- Whitehead, S. D., & Ballard, D. H. (1991). A study of cooperative mechanisms for faster reinforcement learning (Technical Report TR 365). Rochester, NY: University of Rochester, Department of Computer Science.
- Williams, R. J. (1987). Reinforcement-learning connectionist systems (Technical Report NU-CCS-87?3). Boston, MA: Northeastern University, College of Computer Science.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Self-improving reactive agents based on reinforcement learning, planning and teaching
Lin, L.-J. (1992) · Machine Learning · doi:10.1007/bf00992699 · Cited by 1,564
Deictic codes for the embodiment of cognition
Ballard, D. H., Hayhoe, M. M., Pook, P. K., & Rao, R. P. N. (1997) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x97001611 · Cited by 1,082
Self-citationReinforcement learning for robots using neural networks
Lin, L.-J. (1992) · Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) · Cited by 841
Memory Representations in Natural Tasks
Ballard, D. H., Hayhoe, M. M., & Pelz, J. B. (1995) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.1995.7.1.66 · Cited by 817
Self-citationDyna, an Integrated Architecture for Learning, Planning, and Reacting
Sutton, R. S. (1991) · ACM SIGART Bulletin · doi:10.1145/122344.122377 · Cited by 777
Metadata
- Authors
- Whitehead, S. D., & Ballard, D. H.
- Affiliations
- University of Rochester (US)
- Venue
- Machine Learning
- Published
- 1991-07
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 45-83
- ISSN
- 0885-6125 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-0565
- OpenAlex
- W2052117683
- Cited by
- 300
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 12.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Machine Learning (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Reinforcement Learning in Robotics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › AI-based Problem Solving and Planning
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Machine Learning and Algorithms
- Keywords
- active perception, perceptual aliasing, reinforcement learning, adaptive control architecture, sensorimotor system, visual attention, decision-making systems, internal representations
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Learning to perceive and act by trial and error. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1007/bf00058926
- The paper
- Whitehead, S. D., & Ballard, D. H. (1991). Learning to perceive and act by trial and error. Machine Learning. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00058926