The DOI matches its Crossref record; 19 of the 19 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Relationship between trauma narratives and trauma pathology
Abstract
In this study we examined the relationship between posttrauma pathology and the level of articulation (complexity) in rape narratives recounted by victims shortly after the assault. Degree of articulation was operationalized as the reading level of the narratives as determined by a computer program. Shortly after the trauma, reading level was correlated with severity of anxiety but not with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Degree of the narrative articulation shortly after the trauma, however, was related to severity of later PTSD. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the less developed trauma narratives hinder recovery from trauma.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Lower readability scores, suggesting simpler language and less complex narrative structures, are associated with more severe, chronic PTSD symptoms.37,38,82”
From Linguistic markers for identifying post-traumatic stress disorder and associated symptoms: a systematic literature review (2025) · cites this paper as [37]
Citations
Cites
(1970) · Cited by 24,983
Impact of Event Scale: A Measure of Subjective Stress
Horowitz, M., Wilner, N., & Alvarez, W. (1979) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-197905000-00004 · Cited by 7,813
State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Adults
Spielberger, C. D. (2012) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t06496-000 · Cited by 3,479
Reliability and validity of a brief instrument for assessing post-traumatic stress disorder
Foa, E. B., Riggs, D. S., Dancu, C. V., & Rothbaum, B. O. (1993) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.2490060405 · Cited by 2,537
Self-citationA prospective examination of post‐traumatic stress disorder in rape victims
Rothbaum, B. O., Foa, E. B., Riggs, D. S., Murdock, T., & Walsh, W. (1992) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.2490050309 · Cited by 1,097
Self-citationPSYCHOSOCIAL TREATMENTS FOR POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER: A Critical Review
Foa, E. B., & Meadows, E. A. (1997) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.48.1.449 · Cited by 712
Self-citationChange in rape narratives during exposure therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder
Foa, E. B., Molnar, C., & Cashman, L. (1995) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1007/bf02102894 · Cited by 555
Self-citationFlesch, R. F. (1950) · Stanford Law Review · doi:10.2307/1225957 · Cited by 531
Processing of threat-related information in rape victims.
Foa, E. B., Feske, U., Murdock, T. B., Kozak, M. J., & al, E. (1991) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.100.2.156 · Cited by 422
Self-citationProcessing of threat-related information in rape victims.
Foa, E. B., Feske, U., Murdock, T. B., Kozak, M. J., & McCarthy, P. R. (1991) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.100.2.156 · Cited by 422
Self-citationEmotion, psychotherapy, and change
(1991) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.29-2389 · Cited by 221
Tromp, S., Koss, M. P., Figueredo, A. J., & Tharan, M. (1995) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1007/bf02102891 · Cited by 126
Implicit memory bias for threat in posttraumatic stress disorder
Amir, N., McNally, R. J., & Wiegartz, P. S. (1996) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf02227965 · Cited by 95
Self-citationSubliminal processing of threat cues in posttraumatic stress disorder
McNally, R., Amir, N., & Lipke, H. (1996) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/0887-6185(95)00040-2 · Cited by 93
Self-citationTromp, S., Koss, M. P., Figueredo, A. J., & Tharan, M. (1995) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.2490080406 · Cited by 89
Psychosocial perspectives on post-traumatic stress
Joseph, S. (1995) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(95)00029-o · Cited by 82
Psychosocial treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder.
Foa, E. B., & Meadows, E. A. (1998) · Cited by 57
Self-citationEmotional processing: Theory, research, and clinical implications for anxiety disorders.
Foa, E. B., & Kozak, M. J. (1991) · Cited by 56
Self-citationKinzie, J. D. (1991) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.2490040416 · Cited by 2
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Beck A. T., 1987, Beck Depression Inventory manual
- Foa E. B., 1993, American Psychiatric Press review of psychiatry, 273
- Kilpatrick D. G., 1988, Dictionory of behavioral assessment techniques, 366
- Kilpatrick D. G. Resnick H. S. &Freedy J. R.(1992 May).Posttraumatic stress disorder field trial report: A comprehensive review of the initial results.Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychiatric Association.
- 1994, Microsoft Word (version 6.0)[Computer software]
- Spitzer R. L., 1990, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐III‐R‐patient edition (SCID‐P, Version 1.0)
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder
Ehlers, A., & Clark, D. M. (2000) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00123-0 · Cited by 6,147
Psychological theories of posttraumatic stress disorder
Brewin, C. R., & Holmes, E. A. (2003) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(03)00033-3 · Cited by 1,132
Adler, J. M., Lodi-Smith, J., Philippe, F. L., & Houle, I. (2016) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868315585068 · Cited by 618
Halligan, S. L., Michael, T., Clark, D. M., & Ehlers, A. (2003) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.71.3.419 · Cited by 585
Anxiety disorders: Why they persist and how to treat them
Clark, D. M. (1999) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00048-0 · Cited by 556
Metadata
- Authors
- Amir, N., Stafford, J., Freshman, M. S., & Foa, E. B.
- Corresponding author
- Amir, Nader
- Venue
- Journal of Traumatic Stress
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1998-04
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 385-392
- ISSN
- 0894-9867 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-6598
- OpenAlex
- W2139639400
- Cited by
- 172
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 6.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Traumatic Stress (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Scholar Commons (University of South Carolina) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (5R01MH5227203)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
- Keywords
- trauma narratives, rape narratives, post-traumatic stress disorder, trauma pathology, narrative complexity, reading level, anxiety, trauma recovery, rape victims
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Analysis of Variance, Anxiety, Female, Humans, Interview, Psychological, Language, Middle Aged, Rape, Reading, Self Disclosure, Severity of Illness Index, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Time Factors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review