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Genetic and Environmental Factors in Relative Body Weight and Human Adiposity
Abstract
We review the literature on the familial resemblance of body mass index (BMI) and other adiposity measures and find strikingly convergent results for a variety of relationships. Results from twin studies suggest that genetic factors explain 50 to 90% of the variance in BMI. Family studies generally report estimates of parent-offspring and sibling correlations in agreement with heritabilities of 20 to 80%. Data from adoption studies are consistent with genetic factors accounting for 20 to 60% of the variation in BMI. Based on data from more than 25,000 twin pairs and 50,000 biological and adoptive family members, the weighted mean correlations are .74 for MZ twins, .32 for DZ twins, .25 for siblings, .19 for parent-offspring pairs, .06 for adoptive relatives, and .12 for spouses. Advantages and disadvantages of twin, family, and adoption studies are reviewed. Data from the Virginia 30,000, including twins and their parents, siblings, spouses, and children, were analyzed using a structural equation model (Stealth) which estimates additive and dominance genetic variance, cultural transmission, assortative mating, nonparental shared environment, and special twin and MZ twin environmental variance. Genetic factors explained 67% of the variance in males and females, of which half is due to dominance. A small proportion of the genetic variance was attributed to the consequences of assortative mating. The remainder of the variance is accounted for by unique environmental factors, of which 7% is correlated across twins. No evidence was found for a special MZ twin environment, thereby supporting the equal environment assumption. These results are consistent with other studies in suggesting that genetic factors play a significant role in the causes of individual differences in relative body weight and human adiposity.
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“with approximately 40–70% of the variation in BMI in the population being attributable to heritable factors [9]”
From Dual and Triple Incretin-Based Co-agonists: Novel Therapeutics for Obesity and Diabetes (2024) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“Additional evidence is now also available indicating other possible causes and contributors to obesity, including genetic84 and epigenetic factors85, foodborne factors86, sleep deprivation and circadian dysrhythmia87, psychological stress, endocrine disruptors, medications, and intrauterine and intergenerational effects.”
From Joint international consensus statement for ending stigma of obesity (2020) · cites this paper as [84]
In the citing paper
“Identical twin studies suggest that genetic factors account for 50–90% of the variance in weight gain 39,40.”
From Cellular bioenergetics as a target for obesity therapy (2010) · cites this paper as [40]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Maes, H. H. M., Neale, M. C., & Eaves, L. J.
- Affiliations
- Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Maes, Hermine H. M.
- Venue
- Behavior Genetics
- Published
- 1997-07
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 325-351
- ISSN
- 0001-8244 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3297
- OpenAlex
- W1546792714
- Cited by
- 1,515
- References
- 113
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 45 · 2019: 54 · 2018: 58 · 2017: 63 · 2016: 67 · 2015: 79 · 2014: 73 · 2013: 92 · 2012: 95
- FWCI
- 5.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Behavior Genetics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- John Templeton Foundation
- Vlaamse regering
- National Institutes of Health (5r01rr008123-02)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH45268, R01MH045268)
- National Center for Research Resources (RR-08123)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Physical Performance
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Keywords
- body mass index, heritability, twin studies, family studies, adoption studies, familial resemblance, dominance variance, additive genetic variance, assortative mating, cultural transmission, relative body weight
- MeSH terms
- Adoption, Adult, Body Weight, Child, Diseases in Twins, Female, Humans, Male, Obesity, Social Environment, Body Mass Index, Twin Studies as Topic
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