Cited by 124Photosynthetic Processes and MechanismsAlgal biology and biofuel productionAquatic Ecosystems and Phytoplankton Dynamics

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Inorganic carbon concentrating mechanisms in relation to the biology of algae

Raven, John A.·2003·Photosynthesis Research

DOI 10.1023/a:1025877902752

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Abstract

Significant advances have recently been made in our understanding of the mechanism of inorganic carbon transport in algae and, especially, cyanobacteria with inorganic carbon concentrating mechanisms (CCMs). Furthermore, the role of CCMs in increasing the rate of photosynthesis in air-equilibrated solutions is also quite well understood. However, less often considered is how the presence (or absence) of a CCM relates to the biology of algae. This mini-review relates the occurrence of algal CCMs to phylogeny, life form, life history, and interactions with other organisms. While some patterns can be seen, the occurrence of CCMs in relation to the overall biology of the algae needs more investigation.

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Background
Physiological Adaptation to Symbiosis in Cnidarians
Furla, P., Richier, S., & Allemand, D. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-0114-4_12 · Cited by 26
“CCM are well described in many phototrophs to increase the concentration of CO 2 in the proximity of Rubisco ( Raven 1990, 2003; Giordano et al. 2005).”
Background
Preliminary study on the utilization of Ca2+ and HCO3− in karst water by different sources of Chlorella vulgaris
Wang, P., Hu, Q., Yang, H., Cao, J., Li, L., Liang, Y., & Wang, K.-R. (2014) · Carbonates and evaporites · doi:10.1007/s13146-013-0170-5 · Cited by 18
“When the algae uses inorganic carbon, dissolved CO2 was firstly utilized (Raven 2003) and then the HCO3 - (Hellblom and Axelsson 2003) was used as a photosynthetic carbon source (Dong et al.”
Method
CO2 sequestration in plants: lesson from divergent strategies
Vats, S. K., Kumar, S., & Ahuja, P. S. (2011) · Photosynthetica · doi:10.1007/s11099-011-0078-z · Cited by 18
“Further on, CO2/O2 specificity values of Rubisco in some dinoflagellates are so low that photosynthesis in airequilibrated solutions appears impossible on the basis of diffusive CO2 entry, except aided by some mechanisms to concentrate carbon (Raven 2003).”
Background
Photosynthetic Utilization of Bicarbonate in Zostera marina Is Reduced by Inhibitors of Mitochondrial ATPase and Electron Transport
Carr, H., & Axelsson, L. (2008) · PLANT PHYSIOLOGY · doi:10.1104/pp.107.115584 · Cited by 16
“The HCO3 2 that is transported into the cell can be transformed to CO2 in the proximity of Rubisco (Raven, 2003).”
BackgroundInfluential
CYANOBACTERIAL ACCLIMATION TO RAPIDLY FLUCTUATING LIGHT IS CONSTRAINED BY INORGANIC CARBON STATUS 1
MacKenzie, T. D. B., & Campbell, D. A. (2005) · Journal of Phycology · doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00096.x · Cited by 16
“Freshwater b-cyanobacteria, including S. elongatus (PCC 7942), can induce CCMs, a system of protein complexes that use energy from reorganized photosynthetic electron transport to concentrate dilute Ci from the environment to high levels within the cell (Kaplan et al. 1980, Raven 2003).”
Background
On-line stable isotope gas exchange reveals an inducible but leaky carbon concentrating mechanism in Nannochloropsis salina
Hanson, D., Collins, A., Jones, H. D. T., Roesgen, J., Lopez-Nieves, S., & Timlin, J. A. (2014) · Photosynthesis Research · doi:10.1007/s11120-014-0001-0 · Cited by 14
“Many of these microalgae genetically control their CCM activity in response to environmental conditions including DIC, nitrogen, and phosphorous (Badger et al. 1980; Palmqvist et al. 1994; Fukuzawa et al. 2001; Beardall and Giordano 2002; Raven 2003; Beardall et al. 2005; Vance and Spalding 2005; Yamano et al. 2008).”
Background
Nutrient requirements of polar Chlorella-like species
Shukla, S. P., Kvíderová, J., & Elster, J. (2011) · Czech Polar Reports · doi:10.5817/cpr2011-1-1 · Cited by 11
“Since all strains, with the exception of Chlorella minutissima L32, had increased growth rates in both the bicarbonate and carbonate treatments, these algae probably could utilize both carbon forms (Colman et al. 2002, Espie et Colman 2005, Raven 1997, Raven 2003, Raven et al. 2005).”
Background
The role of macroalgal habitats as ocean acidification refugia within coastal seascapes
Edworthy, C., Steyn, P., & James, N. C. (2023) · Cambridge Prisms Coastal Futures · doi:10.1017/cft.2023.9 · Cited by 38
“Very fewmacroalgal species rely on passive CO2 diffusion alone for DIC uptake (Raven, 2003; Giordano et al., 2005; Raven and Hurd, 2012; Stepien et al., 2016).”
BackgroundMethod
Examining the reproductive success of bull kelp (Nereocystis luetkeana, Phaeophyceae, Laminariales) in climate change conditions
Korabik, A. R., Winquist, T., Grosholz, E., & Hollarsmith, J. A. (2023) · Journal of Phycology · doi:10.1111/jpy.13368 · Cited by 11
Cyanobacterial NDH-1 Complexes
Mi, H. (2022) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.933160 · Cited by 17
“Cyanobacteria could survive in a low CO2 environment in water due to their CCMs, which can increase the CO2 concentration around the active site of Rubisco, the key enzyme of photosynthetic carbon assimilation, and overcome their low affinity for CO2, thereby effectively assimilating CO2 (Price et al., 1998; Kaplan an…”
BackgroundInfluential
Metazoan adaptation to deep-sea hydrothermal vents
Hourdez, S., & Jollivet, D. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108683319.004 · Cited by 12
Light variability and mixotrophy: Responses of testate amoeba communities and shell δ13C values to a peatland shading experiment
Herbert, R. P., Peters, S. C., Nelson, D. M., & Booth, R. K. (2018) · European Journal of Protistology · doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2018.10.005 · Cited by 11
Restoration, conservation and phytoplankton hysteresis
Berthold, M., & Campbell, D. A. (2021) · Conservation Physiology · doi:10.1093/conphys/coab062 · Cited by 10
“Rapid phytoplankton growth can, under such conditions, place local limitations upon the delivery of DIC into cells for assimilation.”
BackgroundInfluential
Microsensor studies on Padina from a natural CO 2 seep: implications of morphology on acclimation to low pH
Hofmann, L. C., Fink, A., Bischof, K., & de Beer, D. (2015) · Journal of Phycology · doi:10.1111/jpy.12347 · Cited by 13
“Some macroalgae also have HCO3 transporters or co-transporters, which allow them to transport HCO3 directly into their cells (see Raven 2003 for review).”
Background
Intrinsic autotrophic biomass yield and productivity in algae: Experimental methods for strain selection
Holland, A. D., Dragavon, J. M., & Sigee, D. C. (2011) · Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.1002/biot.201000260 · Cited by 8
“Conceivably, extended periods of light in aerated cultures depleted the medium in CO2, which would then reequilibrate during the dark phase [40, 41].”
Phytoplankton interactions can alter species response to present and future Co2 concentrations
Sampaio, E., Gallo, F., Schulz, K., de Azevedo, E. B., & Ramos, J. (2017) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps12197 · Cited by 7
The Impact of Ocean Acidification on Aquatic Organisms
Tembo, R. N. (2017) · doi:10.4172/2161-0525.1000469 · Cited by 7
“However, not all algal groups contain and utilize CCMs, as some rely upon the diffusive flux of CO2 to support photosynthetic rates [34-36].”
Background
δ13C and δ15N in tissue of coral polyps and epilithic algae inhabiting damaged coral colonies under the influence of different light intensities
Titlyanov, E., Kiyashko, S., Titlyanova, T., & Raven, J. (2010) · Aquatic Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10452-009-9248-5 · Cited by 6
“This implies that the green algae are more enriched in 13C than the red algae, which is also consistent with the literature data (Raven 2003; Raven et al. 2002, 2005; Wang and Yeh 2003; Giordano et al. 2005).”
ResultSelf-citation
The influence of ammonium to nitrate ratio on the thermal responses of early life stages of the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera
Fernández, P. A., Labbé, B. S., Gaitán‐Espitía, J. D., Hurd, C. L., Paine, E. R., Willis, A., Sanderson, C. J., & Buschmann, A. H. (2023) · Algal Research · doi:10.1016/j.algal.2023.103114 · Cited by 7
Chemical ecology in the Southern Ocean
Angulo‐Preckler, C., Castro-Fernández, P. D., Martín–Martín, R. P., Figuerola, B., & Àvila, C. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108683319.015 · Cited by 3
Metabolic and taxonomic diversity in antarctic subglacial environments
Vick‐Majors, T. J., Achberger, A. M., Michaud, A. B., & Priscu, J. C. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108683319.016 · Cited by 5
Effect of Cl− on photosynthetic bicarbonate uptake in two cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa and Synechocystis PCC6803
Chen, Z., Cheng, H., & Chen, X. (2009) · 中国科学通报：英文版 · doi:10.1007/s11434-009-0148-9 · Cited by 5
Could ocean acidification influence epiphytism? A comparison of carbon-use strategies between Fucus vesiculosus and its epiphytes in the Baltic Sea
Albert, G., Hepburn, C., Pajusalu, L., Paalme, T., Pritchard, D., & Martin, G. (2019) · Journal of Applied Phycology · doi:10.1007/s10811-019-01953-z · Cited by 4
Effects of oxygen concentration on the growth of Nannochloropsis sp.
Raso, S. (2013) · doi:10.18174/276344 · Cited by 4
Vegetation of Freshwater Habitats
Leuschner, C., & Ellenberg, H. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-43048-5_4 · Cited by 2
Brown seaweed Nemacystus decipiens intensifies the effects of ocean acidification on coral Montipora digitata
Listiawati, V., & Kurihara, H. (2023) · Marine Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106150 · Cited by 1
Extremophiles populating high-level natural radiation areas (HLNRAs) in Iran
Heidari, F., Riahi, H., & Shariatmadari, Z. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108683319.005 · Cited by 1
How to survive winter?
Pichrtová, M., Hejduková, E., Nedbalová, L., & Elster, J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108683319.008 · Cited by 4
Life in Extreme Environments
Gutt, J., & Dieckmann, G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108683319 · Cited by 38
Bibliography of reviews and methods of photosynthesis - 88
Šesták, Z., & Čatský, J. (2004) · Photosynthetica · doi:10.1007/s11099-005-0022-1 · Cited by 3
Methane Emissions from Algae-Driven Sediments of Sea Cucumber Culture Ponds Via Indoor Microcosms
Liang, H., Chen, L., Wang, M., Ju, S., Zhang, M., Jia, X., Yu, Z., Zhang, H., Li, R., & Xing, R. (2026) · Water Air & Soil Pollution · doi:10.1007/s11270-026-09985-1
“This is because algae pho-tosynthesize under light and release organic matter, which supports methanogens activity (Raven, 2003; Li et al., 2024; Hall et al., 2022).”
Influential
Does Phytoplankton Bloom Management Provide an Opportunity for Greenhouse Gas Mitigation?
Kaplan, A., & Harel, M. (2025) · Phycology · doi:10.3390/phycology5040076
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Microorganisms in cryoturbated organic matter of Arctic permafrost soils
Bárta, J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108683319.014
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Černý, J., Elsterová, J., Růžek, D., & Grubhoffer, L. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108683319.009 · Cited by 1
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Model-based analysis and metabolic design of a cyanobacterium for bio-products synthesis
DOPICO, J. T. (2014) · doi:10.4995/thesis/10251/39351

Authors: Raven, J. A.
Affiliations: University of Dundee (GB)
Corresponding author: Raven, John A.
ORCID: Raven, John A.
Venue: Photosynthesis Research
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2003-09
Volume: 77
Issue: 2-3
Pages: 155-171
ISSN: 0166-8595 (ISSN-L)
1573-5079
DOI: 10.1023/a:1025877902752
OpenAlex: W1208109548
Cited by: 124
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 4
FWCI: 2.42
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (tdm)
www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (vor)
Locations: Photosynthesis Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Photosynthetic Processes and Mechanisms
Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Algal biology and biofuel production
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Aquatic Ecosystems and Phytoplankton Dynamics
Keywords: algae, cyanobacteria, carbon transport, photosynthesis, phylogeny, life history, life forms, species interactions

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Inorganic carbon concentrating mechanisms in relation to the biology of algae

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