Role of Microalgae in Global CO2 Sequestration: Physiological Mechanism, Recent Development, Challenges, and Future Prospective
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The rising concentration of global atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) has severely affected our planet’s homeostasis. Efforts are being made worldwide to curb carbon dioxide emissions, but there is still no strategy or technology available to date that is widely accepted. Two basic strategies are employed for reducing CO2 emissions, viz. (i) a decrease in fossil fuel use, and increased use of renewable energy sources; and (ii) carbon sequestration by various biological, chemical, or physical methods. This review has explored microalgae’s role in carbon sequestration, the physiological apparatus, with special emphasis on the carbon concentration mechanism (CCM). A CCM is a specialized mechanism of microalgae. In this process, a sub-cellular organelle known as pyrenoid, containing a high concentration of Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (Rubisco), helps in the fixation of CO2. One type of carbon concentration mechanism in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and the association of pyrenoid tubules with thylakoids membrane is represented through a typical graphical model. Various environmental factors influencing carbon sequestration in microalgae and associated techno-economic challenges are analyzed critically.
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An increase in CO2 concentration leads to a higher H+ ion concentration and lowers the pH value, while a decrease in CO2 concentration reduces the H+ concentration and increases the pH value.
“An increase in the CO2 concentration leads to a higher H + ion concentration and lowers the pH value (acidification). Conversely, a decrease in the CO2 concentration reduces the H + concentration and increases the pH value [176,177].”
From Multi-Sensing Monitoring of the Microalgae Biomass Cultivation Systems for Biofuels and Added Value Products Synthesis—Challenges and Opportunities (2025) · cites this paper as [177]
Section 5.2 (pH; page not available) says that flue gas with a high CO2 concentration acidifies the algae cultivation medium, supporting the increase-in-CO2/lower-pH part. It does not state the claimed changes in H+ concentration or explicitly address whether decreasing CO2 raises pH. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn intensive photoautotrophic microalgae cultivation carried out at light intensities above the compensation point, the pH of the culture tends to increase due to efficient uptake of CO2 and HCO3- and assimilation of nitrates.
“In intensive photoautotrophic microalgae cultivation carried out at light intensities above the compensation point-where the photosynthetic rate equals the respiration ratethe pH of the culture tends to increase. This occurs because during active microalgae growth there is an efficient uptake of CO2 and HCO 3 -from the culture medium and an assimilation of nitrates.”
From Multi-Sensing Monitoring of the Microalgae Biomass Cultivation Systems for Biofuels and Added Value Products Synthesis—Challenges and Opportunities (2025) · cites this paper as [177]
Section 5.2 (pH; page not provided) says bicarbonate is used as a carbon source and its conversion increases culture-medium pH. It does not attribute the rise to nitrate assimilation or specify intensive cultivation above the light-compensation point; Section 5.4 (Irradiance; page not provided) discusses light intensity without establishing that condition. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMicroalgae capture and fix atmospheric CO2, offering a viable strategy for industrial carbon emission reduction and supporting climate change mitigation.
“Through photosynthetic activity, they capture and fix atmospheric CO2, offering a viable strategy for industrial carbon emission reduction and supporting broader climate change mitigation efforts [114].”
From Microalgae Bioactives for Functional Food Innovation and Health Promotion (2025) · cites this paper as [114]
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Microalgal biorefineries: a systematic review of technological trade-offs and innovation pathways
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“Through photosynthetic activity, they capture and fix atmospheric CO 2 , offering a viable strategy for industrial carbon emission reduction and supporting broader climate change mitigation efforts [114].”
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The Use of the Autotrophic Culture of Arthrospira platensis for CO2 Fixation from Biogas Combustion
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- Authors
- Prasad, R., Gupta, S. K., Shabnam, N., Oliveira, C. Y. B., Nema, A. K., Ansari, F. A., & Bux, F.
- Affiliations
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IN)
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnical and Agricultural Research (CZ)
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (BR)
- Durban University of Technology (ZA)
- Corresponding author
- Prasad, Ravindra
- ORCID
- Venue
- Sustainability
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-11-25
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 23
- Pages
- 13061
- ISSN
- 2071-1050 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3217132437
- Cited by
- 239
- References
- 145
- Citations by year
- 2026: 65 · 2025: 60 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 20
- FWCI
- 5.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Sustainability (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) India (09/086(1365)/2019/EMR-I)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Algal biology and biofuel production
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Photosynthetic Processes and Mechanisms
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine and coastal ecosystems
- Keywords
- microalgae, carbon sequestration, CO2-concentrating mechanism, pyrenoid, Rubisco, CO2 fixation, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, thylakoids, environmental factors, bioenergy
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