Redfield revisited: Variability of C:N: P in marine microalgae and its biochemical basis
Open accessAbstract
A compilation of data on the elemental composition of marine phytoplankton from published studies was used to determine the range of C:N:P. The N:P ratio of algae and cyanobacteria is very plastic in nutrient-limited cells, ranging from <5 mol N:mol P when phosphate is available greatly in excess of nitrate or ammonium to <100 mol N:mol P when inorganic N is present greatly in excess of P. Under optimal nutrient-replete growth conditions, the cellular N:P ratio is somewhat more constrained, ranging from 5 to 19 mol N:mol P, with most observations below the Redfield ratio of 16. Limited data indicate that the critical N:P that marks the transition between N- and P-limitation of phytoplankton growth lies in the range 20–50 mol N:mol P, considerably in excess of the Redfield ratio. Biochemical composition can be used to constrain the critical N:P. Although the biochemical data do not preclude the critical N:P from being as high as 50, the typical biochemical composition of nutrient-replete algae and cyanobacteria suggests that the critical N:P is more likely to lie in the range between 15 and 30. Despite the observation that the overall average N:P composition of marine particulate matter closely approximates the Redfield ratio of 16, there are significant local variations with a range from 5 to 34. Consistent with the culture studies, lowest values of N:P are associated with nitrate- and phosphate-replete conditions. The highest values of N:P are observed in oligotrophic waters and are within the range of critical N:P observed in cultures, but are not so high as to necessarily invoke P-limitation. The C:N ratio is also plastic. The average C:N ratios of nutrientreplete phytoplankton cultures, oceanic particulate matter and inorganic N and C draw-down are slightly greater than the Redfield ratio of 6.6. Neither the analysis of laboratory C:N:P data nor a more theoretical approach based on the relative abundance of the major biochemical molecules in the phytoplankton can support the contention that the Redfield N:P reflects a physiological or biochemical constraint on the elemental composition of primary production.
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The N:P ratio approximating 18 is in a physiologically acceptable range for assessing nutrient stress.
“at an N:P ratio approximating 18, which is in a physiologically acceptable range for assessing nutrient stress [48 -51].”
From Response to nutrient variation on lipid productivity in green microalgae captured using second derivative FTIR and Raman spectroscopy (2022) · cites this paper as [51]
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- Authors
- Geider, R., & La Roche, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Essex (GB)
- ORCID
- Geider, Richard
- Venue
- European Journal of Phycology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2002-03
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-17
- ISSN
- 0967-0262 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-4433
- OpenAlex
- W2060313313
- Cited by
- 1,412
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2026: 57 · 2025: 60 · 2024: 65 · 2023: 99 · 2022: 90 · 2021: 100 · 2020: 79 · 2019: 73 · 2018: 82 · 2017: 86 · 2016: 69 · 2015: 79 · 2014: 75 · 2013: 61 · 2012: 61
- FWCI
- 18.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- oceanrep.geomar.de
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- European Journal of Phycology (publishedVersion)
- Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Natural Environment Research Council
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine and coastal ecosystems
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Aquatic Ecosystems and Phytoplankton Dynamics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes
- Keywords
- Redfield ratio, C:N:P stoichiometry, marine phytoplankton, cyanobacteria, N:P ratio, nutrient limitation, nitrogen limitation, phosphorus limitation, C/N ratio, oligotrophic waters, particulate matter, biochemical composition
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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