Cited by 380Autism Spectrum Disorder ResearchChild Nutrition and Feeding IssuesBehavioral and Psychological Studies

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The Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales: Supplementary Norms for Individuals with Autism

Carter, Alice S., Volkmar, Fred R., Sparrow, Sara S., Wang, Jing-Jen, Lord, Catherine, Dawson, Geraldine, Fombonne, Eric, Loveland, Katherine, Mesibov, Gary, Schopler, Eric·1998·Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders

DOI 10.1023/a:1026056518470

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Abstract

Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales Special Population norms are presented for four groups of individuals with autism: (a) mute children under 10 years of age; (b) children with at least some verbal skills under 10 years of age; (c) mute individuals who are 10 years of age or older; and (d) individuals with at least some verbal skills who are 10 years of age or older. The sample included 684 autistic individuals ascertained from cases referred for the DSM-IV autism/PDD field trial collaborative study and five university sites with expertise in autism. Young children had higher standard scores than older individuals across all Vineland domains. In the Communication domain, younger verbal children were least impaired, older mute individuals most impaired, and younger mute and older verbal individuals in the midrange. Verbal individuals achieved higher scores in Daily Living Skills than mute individuals. The expected profile of a relative weakness in Socialization and relative strength in Daily Living Skills was obtained with age-equivalent but not standard scores. Results high-light the importance of employing Vineland special population norms as well as national norms when evaluating individuals with autism.

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Progress and outcomes for children with autism receiving parent-managed intensive interventions☆ ☆Authors are listed in alphabetical order as all contributed equally to the study. This research was funded by a grant from Autism and Developmental Disorders Education Research Ltd. (ADDER) to Keele University. We thank the following for data-collection: Siobhan Breen, Barbara Cross, Jo Halden, Amanda Kemmish, Iliana Magiati, Gill McGrane, Catherine Naysmith, Arne Terje Gulbrandsen, and Deborah Allen. We are also grateful to: Fred Volkmar for providing raw data from the Carter et al. (1998) study for comparison purposes, and to Tristram Smith, Sir Michael Rutter, Richard Foxx, and Kimberly Schreck for providing constructive comments on draft manuscripts. The second author provided consultancy services for some of the children in the study.
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Authors: Carter, A. S., Volkmar, F. R., Sparrow, S. S., Wang, J.-J., Lord, C., Dawson, G., Fombonne, E., Loveland, K., Mesibov, G., & Schopler, E.
Affiliations: Yale University (US)
University of Chicago (US)
University of London (GB)
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
ORCID: Carter, Alice S.
Volkmar, Fred R.
Lord, Catherine
Fombonne, Eric
Venue: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 1998-08
Volume: 28
Issue: 4
Pages: 287-302
ISSN: 0162-3257 (ISSN-L)
1573-3432
DOI: 10.1023/a:1026056518470
OpenAlex: W1605138144
Cited by: 367
References: 46
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 20
FWCI: 2.12
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (tdm)
www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (vor)
Locations: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
Keywords: Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, autism spectrum disorder, adaptive behavior, verbal ability, age differences, communication, daily living skills, socialization, Z-score
MeSH terms: Activities of Daily Living, Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Adult, Analysis of Variance, Autistic Disorder, Child, Child Development, Child, Preschool, Communication Disorders, Disability Evaluation, Female, Humans, Male, Intellectual Disability, Middle Aged, Motor Skills, Mutism, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Reference Values, Sampling Studies, Social Behavior, Chi-Square Distribution

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The Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales: Supplementary Norms for Individuals with Autism

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