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Cited by 231Autism Spectrum Disorder ResearchDevelopmental and Educational NeuropsychologyChild Nutrition and Feeding Issues

WISC-IV profile in high-functioning autism spectrum disorders: Impaired processing speed is associated with increased autism communication symptoms and decreased adaptive communication abilities

Open access
Oliveras-Rentas, Rafael E., Kenworthy, Lauren, Roberson, Richard B., Martin, Alex, Wallace, Gregory L.·2012·Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
DOI 10.1007/s10803-011-1289-7PMC PMC3448485
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Abstract

Changes in the Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children-IV (WISC-IV) may affect the IQ profile characteristic of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Moreover, the association of particular component cognitive abilities (unlike overall IQ) with symptomatology and adaptive functioning in ASD remains unclear. This archival study characterizes the WISC-IV IQ profile among 56 high-functioning (IQ > 70) children with ASD and correlates WISC-IV performance with ASD and ADHD symptomatology and adaptive functioning. The ASD WISC-IV profile included strengths on Matrix Reasoning and Similarities, weaknesses on Comprehension (which correlated negatively with social symptoms) and the subtests comprising the Processing Speed Index (Coding, Symbol Search). Processing speed task performance correlated negatively with communication symptoms and positively with communication abilities, indicating its importance to functional outcomes in ASD.

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Crossref · 10.1007/s10803-011-1289-7

Cites

69 of 69 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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Claims the paper makes

0 of 63 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    Coding, Comprehension, and Symbol Search were significantly lower than Block Design, Similarities, Vocabulary, Digit Span, and Matrix Reasoning.

    “Post-hoc analyses confirmed that Coding, Comprehension, and Symbol Search were significantly (ps < .01) lower than Block Design, Similarities, Vocabulary, Digit Span, and Matrix Reasoning.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The Similarities subtest score was significantly higher than the Block Design and Vocabulary subtest scores.

    “Additionally, the Similarities subtest score was significantly (ps < .02) higher than the Block Design and Vocabulary subtest scores”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    More than half (55%) of the sample scored at least a full standard deviation below the PSI normative mean.

    “More than half (55%) of our sample scored at least a full standard deviation below the PSI normative mean score.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Only the Vocabulary and Comprehension subtests, and therefore the VCI, were negatively correlated with the ADOS Reciprocal Social Interaction score.

    “Only the Vocabulary and Comprehension subtests (and therefore the VCI) were negatively correlated (ps < .05) with the ADOS Reciprocal Social Interaction score.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The PRI was significantly higher than the WMI and VCI.

    “Post-hoc analyses also revealed that PRI was significantly (ps < .03) higher than the WMI (Cohen’s d = 0.57) and VCI (Cohen’s d = 0.31).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 38
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 40

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In this high-functioning ASD sample, the WISC-IV profile showed relative strengths on Matrix Reasoning and Similarities and relative weaknesses on Comprehension and the Processing Speed Index subtests Coding and Symbol Search.

    “The ASD WISC-IV profile included strengths on Matrix Reasoning and Similarities, weaknesses on Comprehension (which correlated negatively with social symptoms) and the subtests comprising the Processing Speed Index (Coding, Symbol Search).”
    • Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
      “We also found expected strengths on structured, brief, motor-free subtests of the WISC-IV (Similarities and Matrix Reasoning) and weaknesses on a subtest with complex/social language demands (Comprehension).”
    • Also stated in: § Descriptive Statistics · plain
      “Coding (t(55) = −5.49, p < .001), Symbol Search (t(55) = −4.15, p < .001), and Comprehension (t(55) = −4.05, p < .001) scores emerged as significantly lower, while Similarities (t(55) = 3.54, p = .001) and Matrix Reasoning (t(55) = 2.28, p = .03) scores were significantly higher, than the normative sample score of 10.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Processing speed task performance was negatively correlated with autism communication symptoms and positively correlated with adaptive communication abilities.

    “Processing speed task performance correlated negatively with communication symptoms and positively with communication abilities, indicating its importance to functional outcomes in ASD.”
    • Also stated in: § Discussion · boosted
      “Furthermore, our data expand on previous reports by demonstrating that performance on the PSI is related to autism communication symptoms and adaptive communication abilities, but not, as we predicted, to ADHD symptoms in this ASD sample.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    14.3% of individuals with ASD scored two or more standard deviations below the population mean on the PSI, and 12.5% scored 70 or lower on the VCI.

    “14.3% of individuals with ASD scored two or more standard deviations below the population mean (i.e., a standard score ≤70) on the PSI, and 12.5% scored 70 or lower on the VCI, despite a solidly average mean score on the VCI.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    ADHD Rating Scale scores were on average at least one standard deviation above the mean.

    “As seen in Table 1, scores on the ADHD Rating Scale were on average at least one standard deviation above the mean.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Coding, Symbol Search, and Comprehension scores were significantly lower than the normative score of 10, while Similarities and Matrix Reasoning scores were significantly higher.

    “Coding (t(55) = −5.49, p < .001), Symbol Search (t(55) = −4.15, p < .001), and Comprehension (t(55) = −4.05, p < .001) scores emerged as significantly lower, while Similarities (t(55) = 3.54, p = .001) and Matrix Reasoning (t(55) = 2.28, p = .03) scores were significantly higher, than the normative sample score of 10.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Vineland Communication and Daily Living Skills scores were on average one standard deviation below the mean, and the Socialization domain mean was almost two standard deviations below the mean.

    “Vineland scores in Communication and Daily Living Skills were on average one standard deviation below the mean. The mean score on the Socialization domain was almost two standard deviations below the mean.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    21.4% of individuals scored two or more standard deviations below the population mean on Coding and 21.4% on Comprehension.

    “A significant minority of individuals scored two standard deviations or more below the population mean (i.e., a scaled score of 4 or lower) on the Coding (21.4%) and Comprehension (21.4%) subtests.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The Processing Speed Index was the only WISC-IV index score that differed significantly from the population mean of 100, being lower.

    “The only index score that differed significantly from the ‘population mean’ of 100 was PSI (t(55) = −5.64, p < .001).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The Digit Span subtest score was significantly lower than Matrix Reasoning but higher than Symbol Search.

    “the Digit Span subtest score was significantly (ps < .03) lower than the Matrix Reasoning subtest score but higher than the Symbol Search subtest score.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    No significant correlations were found between IQ scores and ADHD Rating Scale scores.

    “No significant correlations were found between IQ scores and ADHD Rating Scale scores.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The study had sufficient statistical power to detect associations between IQ and ADHD symptoms.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Adaptive behavior was impaired compared with FSIQ, with the greatest discrepancy between IQ and the Vineland Socialization domain score.

    “Adaptive behavior was impaired compared to FSIQ, as expected, with the greatest discrepancy between IQ and the Vineland Socialization domain score.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Effect sizes for the significant differences ranged from small for Digit Span and Symbol Search to large for Comprehension and Similarities.

    “Effect sizes were also calculated and ranged from small (Digit Span and Symbol Search, Cohen’s d = 0.31) to large (Comprehension and Similarities, Cohen’s d = 1.37).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Autism communication symptoms as measured by the ADOS were negatively correlated with VCI and PSI scores, while ADOS social symptoms were negatively correlated with VCI performance, including Vocabulary and Comprehension.

    “Autism communication symptoms, as measured by the ADOS, were negatively correlated with VCI as well as PSI scores, while ADOS social symptoms were negatively correlated with performance on the VCI, including two of its constituent subtests: Vocabulary and Comprehension.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The ADOS Communication score was negatively associated with the Coding and Symbol Search subtests and therefore with the PSI.

    “The ADOS Communication score was also negatively associated with scores from the Coding and Symbol Search subtests and therefore the PSI score (ps < .05).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The ADOS Communication score was negatively correlated with all WISC-IV verbal subtests (Vocabulary, Similarities, and Comprehension) and therefore with the VCI.

    “The ADOS Communication score was negatively correlated (ps < .01) with all WISC-IV verbal subtests (i.e., Vocabulary, Similarities and Comprehension), and therefore, with the VCI.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The paper found higher Similarities, intermediate Vocabulary, and low Comprehension scores.

    “We found the expected pattern of higher Similarities, intermediate Vocabulary and low Comprehension scores.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In ASD, processing speed difficulties relate to communication skills and communication problems, but not to ADHD symptoms.

    “Particularly novel are our findings of processing speed difficulties in ASD that are associated with both communication skills and difficulties, but not with ADHD symptoms.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Subscale profile analysis is a common but controversial use of intelligence measures, and it is particularly relevant in ASD because of unusual variability in performance.

    “Subscale profile analysis is another common, if controversial (Fiorello, Hale, McGrath, Ryan, & Quinn, 2001; Pfeiffer, Reddy, Kletzel, Schmelzler, & Boyer, 2000), use of intelligence measures that is particularly relevant in ASD, which is characterized by unusual variability in performance (Dawson, Soulieres, Gernsbacher, & Mottron, 2007; Goldstein, Allen, Minshew, Williams, Volkmar et al., 2008).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Fiorello, Hale, McGrath, Ryan, & Quinn, 2001 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Pfeiffer, Reddy, Kletzel, Schmelzler, & Boyer, 2000 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Dawson, Soulieres, Gernsbacher, & Mottron, 2007 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    At the group level, most studies find relatively high Block Design scores and low Comprehension and Coding/Digit Symbol scores.

    “When examining subtest performance at the group level, most studies find relatively high scores on Block Design and low scores on Comprehension and Coding/Digit Symbol”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Allen, Lincoln & Kaufman, 1991 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Asarnow, Tanguay, Bott, & Freeman, 1987 source

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    • cites Mayes & Calhoun, 2003 source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Intellectual functioning is an important predictor of outcome in ASD.

    “Intellectual functioning is also an important predictor of outcome in ASD (Billstedt, Gillberg, & Gillberg, 2007; Venter, Lord, & Schopler, 1992)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Billstedt, Gillberg, & Gillberg, 2007 source

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    • cites Venter, Lord, & Schopler, 1992 source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Mayes and Calhoun (2004) identified children with high-functioning autism with 73% accuracy based on lower FDI, PSI, and Comprehension subtest scores on the WISC-III.

    “Mayes and Calhoun (2004) were able to identify children with high-functioning autism with 73% accuracy based on lower FDI, PSI, and Comprehension subtest scores on the WISC-III.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Mayes and Calhoun (2004) source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The commonly reported ASD Wechsler profile does not confer diagnostic utility.

    “Although this profile has been consistently reported across various age groups and functioning levels, it does not confer diagnostic utility (Siegel et al., 1996).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Siegel et al., 1996 source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Joseph, Tager-Flusberg, and Lord (2002) found that children with lower verbal relative to nonverbal abilities had more communication and social difficulties, while children with discrepantly higher nonverbal cognitive abilities had more social symptoms.

    “They found that, when compared with children with no significant difference between verbal and nonverbal abilities, children with lower verbal abilities (relative to nonverbal abilities) presented more communication and social difficulties while children with discrepantly higher nonverbal cognitive abilities demonstrated more social symptoms.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Joseph, Tager-Flusberg, and Lord (2002) source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Black, Wallace, Sokoloff, and Kenworthy (2009) found that social symptomatology was related to significant differences between Wechsler Verbal and Performance IQs.

    “Another recent study (Black, Wallace, Sokoloff, & Kenworthy, 2009) also found that social symptomatology was related to significant differences between Wechsler Verbal and Performance IQs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Black, Wallace, Sokoloff, & Kenworthy, 2009 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    ADHD in ASD is associated with differences in autism symptomatology, executive functioning, and adaptive behaviors.

    “There is evidence that ADHD in ASD is associated with differences in autism symptomatology, executive functioning (Sinzig, Morsch, Bruning, Schmidt, & Lehmkuhl, 2008), and adaptive behaviors (Yerys et al., 2009)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Sinzig, Morsch, Bruning, Schmidt, & Lehmkuhl, 2008 source

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    • cites Yerys et al., 2009 source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisereasoning

    Processing speed and motor output speed are confounded in the Processing Speed Index because its Coding and Symbol Search subtests have motor demands.

    “It is important to note that processing speed and motor output speed are confounded in the PSI, which is comprised of the motorically demanding Coding subtest and the Symbol Search subtest, which has motor demands as well, though minimized compared to the Coding subtest.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Prior studies of children with ADHD alone found depressed FDI and PSI scores, particularly Coding, but not depressed Comprehension scores.

    “prior studies that examined the Wechsler IQ profiles in children with ADHD alone, which find depressed scores on FDI (WISC-III) and PSI, particularly the Coding subtest, but not on the Comprehension subtest (Calhoun & Mayes, 2005; Mayes & Calhoun, 2003; 2004).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Calhoun & Mayes, 2005 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Mayes & Calhoun, 2003 source

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    • cites Mayes & Calhoun, 2004 source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Prior studies have shown associations between ADHD symptoms and weaknesses in working memory and processing speed.

    “prior studies have demonstrated an association between ADHD symptoms and weaknesses in both working memory (e.g., Tillman, Eninger, Forssman, & Bohlin, 2011) and processing speed (Chhabildas, Pennington, & Willcutt, 2001).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Tillman, Eninger, Forssman, & Bohlin, 2011 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Chhabildas, Pennington, & Willcutt, 2001 source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    On the WISC-IV, ADHD is associated with weaknesses on the Working Memory Index and Processing Speed Index.

    “On the WISC-IV in particular, ADHD is associated with weaknesses on the WMI and PSI.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Mayes & Calhoun, 2006 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    One study found that all 118 children with ADHD assessed with the WISC-IV scored lowest on either the Working Memory Index or the Processing Speed Index.

    “one study demonstrated that all 118 children with ADHD assessed with the WISC-IV scored lowest on either the WMI or the PSI (Mayes & Calhoun, 2006).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Mayes & Calhoun, 2006 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Mayes and Calhoun (2008) suggested that the ASD WISC-IV profile reflects strengths in verbal and visual reasoning and weaknesses in attention, graphomotor, and processing speed.

    “Mayes and Calhoun (2008) suggest that this profile reflects strengths in verbal and visual reasoning, and weaknesses in attention, graphomotor, and processing speed in children with high-functioning autism.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Mayes and Calhoun (2008) source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    All participants had an IQ standard score of 70 or higher on the WISC-IV Verbal Comprehension Index or Perceptual Reasoning Index.

    “All participants also had an IQ standard score of 70 or higher on the WISC-IV VCI or PRI.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The ADHD Rating Scale has shown good predictive validity in discriminating children with ADHD from typically developing children.

    “it has shown good predictive validity in discriminating children with ADHD from typically developing children (Power et al., 1998).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Power et al., 1998 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The ADI/ADI-R and ADOS were administered by a trained, research reliable clinician.

    “administration of the Autism Diagnostic Interview (ADI; Le Couteur et al., 1989) or the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R; Lord, et al. 1994) and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS; Lord et al., 1999) by a trained, research reliable clinician.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Le Couteur et al., 1989 source

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    • cites Lord, et al. 1994 source

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    • cites Lord et al., 1999

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In ASD, adaptive abilities are consistently impaired in most or all domains, particularly socialization skills.

    “In ASD individuals, those abilities are consistently impaired in most, if not all domains, but particularly in socialization skills (Bolte & Poustka, 2002; Carter et al., 1998; Kenworthy, Case, Harms, Martin, & Wallace, 2010).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Bolte & Poustka, 2002 source

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    • cites Carter et al., 1998 source

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    • cites Kenworthy, Case, Harms, Martin, & Wallace, 2010 source

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  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisereasoning

    Adaptive profiles had not been investigated in relation to WISC-IV index or subtest profiles.

    “adaptive profiles have not been investigated in relation to the WISC-IV index/subtest profiles.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    ADI scores are not contemporaneous with IQ assessment, and the ADOS stereotyped behavior scale is not considered a good metric of nonsocial difficulties in ASD because of a limited observation window.

    “For ASD symptomatology, only the ADOS social and communication scores were utilized because ADI scores are not contemporaneous with IQ assessment (given the assessment of symptoms during a period of prototypical expression [i.e., ages 4–5]) and the ADOS stereotyped behavior scale is not considered a good metric of nonsocial difficulties in ASD because there is a limited window (usually 45–60 min”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Inspection of the data did not reveal problems with skewness, kurtosis, outliers, or a bimodal distribution.

    “Inspection of data did not reveal any problems with skewness, kurtosis, outliers, or the presence of a bimodal distribution.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Recent studies using the inspection time task suggest intact or better processing speed among individuals with ASD.

    “Several recent studies using the inspection time task, a processing speed measure free from motor demands, suggest intact or better processing speed among individuals with ASD.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Scheuffgen, Happé, Anderson, and Frith (2000) source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    All significant index and subtest differences survived correction for multiple comparisons using the false discovery rate at q < .05.

    “All of the significant differences (for both index and subtest score comparisons) reported above survived correction for multiple comparisons using the false discovery rate (q < .05).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Wallace, Anderson, and Happé (2009) reported that high-functioning children with ASD had processing speed similar to typically developing children matched on age and IQ.

    “a group of relatively high-functioning children with ASD and age and IQ matched typically developing children (Wallace, Anderson, & Happé, 2009)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Wallace, Anderson, & Happé, 2009

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Because of task impurity, it is unclear whether the processing speed weakness reflects cognitive processing speed, motor speed difficulties, or both combined.

    “however, because of task impurity, it is unclear whether this relative weakness reflects actual ‘cognitive’ processing speed, motor speed difficulties, or the two combined.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Scheuffgen, Happé, Anderson, and Frith (2000) found that children with ASD and below average IQ demonstrated surprisingly fast processing speed compared with children with intellectual disabilities on a perceptual discrimination task.

    “Scheuffgen, Happé, Anderson, and Frith (2000) found that children with ASD and below average IQ (mean = 82) demonstrated surprisingly fast processing speed, when asked to complete a perceptual discrimination in which the stimuli appeared on the computer screen for a variable amount of time, compared to children with intellectual disabilities.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Scheuffgen, Happé, Anderson, and Frith (2000) source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    The ASD WISC-IV profile found in this study is consistent with prior reports.

    “In general, the ASD WISC-IV profile described in the current study is consistent with prior reports (Mayes & Calhoun, 2008; Wechsler, 2003).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Mayes & Calhoun, 2008 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Wechsler, 2003

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The study's data expand on previous reports by showing that PSI performance is related to autism communication symptoms and adaptive communication abilities, but not to ADHD symptoms in this ASD sample.

    “Furthermore, our data expand on previous reports by demonstrating that performance on the PSI is related to autism communication symptoms and adaptive communication abilities, but not, as we predicted, to ADHD symptoms in this ASD sample.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Klin et al. (2007) reported strong correlations between Vineland Communication and Verbal IQ (WISC-III), but not with Performance IQ.

    “Klin et al. (2007) found strong correlations between Vineland Communication scores and Verbal IQ (as measured by the WISC-III) but unlike the present study; no significant correlations were noted with Performance IQ.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Klin et al. (2007) source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    The present results add to literature showing weak links between behavioral and neuropsychological attention measures.

    “our findings join others in the literature demonstrating limited associations between behavioral and neuropsychological measures of attention”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites McAuley, Chen, Goos, Schachar, & Crosbie, 2010 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    In high-functioning children with ASD, ADHD symptoms are unrelated to poor PSI subtest performance, whereas ASD symptoms are related.

    “ADHD symptomatology is not associated with poor performance on the PSI subtests among high-functioning children with ASD while ASD symptomatology is.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Auditory processing speed has been linked to language learning disorders, which are common in ASD.

    “there is a link between auditory processing speed and language learning disorders (Tallal, 2004), commonly found in ASD”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Tallal, 2004 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    These two tasks may place different cognitive demands and could be influenced by unrelated factors like mathematical skill.

    “the cognitive demands of those tasks might differ, and might be biased or confounded by extraneous processes, such as mathematical abilities.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    As measured by the Wechsler scales, processing speed might moderate both communication skills and communication deficits in ASD.

    “processing speed, at least as conceptualized by the Wechsler scales, may moderate communication skills and communication deficits in ASD.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The clinical sample showed variation in the method used to calculate WMI.

    “this was a clinical sample with some variability in the way the WMI was calculated.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Prior research found lower PSI and WMI scores relative to VCI and PRI in both ADHD and ASD groups, but Comprehension scores separate the groups, with ASD children scoring lower.

    “Previous studies have shown a similar pattern of lower scores on the PSI and WMI relative to VCI and PRI for both ADHD and ASD groups; however, Comprehension subtest performance distinguishes the groups with ASD children obtaining lower scores”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Calhoun & Mayes, 2005; Mayes & Calhoun, 2003, 2004

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In Mayes and Calhoun's (2008) sample, WMI was below average and they attributed this to attention problems.

    “In the sample described by Mayes and Calhoun (2008) the WMI score was below average, attributed to attention problems by these authors”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Mayes and Calhoun (2008) source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In the manual's typically developing sample, the Conceptual composite of the Adaptive Behavior Assessment System-II showed low to moderate correlations with all WISC-IV Composites; WMI and VCI had the highest (r = .45) and PSI the lowest (r = .25).

    “low to moderate correlations were found between the Conceptual composite of the Adaptive Behavior Assessment System-II and all WISC-IV Composites, with WMI and VCI showing the highest correlations (r = .45) and PSI the lowest (r = .25).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Wechsler, 2003

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    These correlations might reflect the rapidly changing nature of both verbal and nonverbal communication during social interactions.

    “these correlations may also reflect the dynamic and fast-changing nature of not only verbal, but also nonverbal communication within the context of social interactions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In that manual sample, the Social composite correlated moderately with VCI (r = .36) and WMI (r = .35).

    “Other moderate correlations included the Social composite score with VCI and WMI (r = .36 and r = .35, respectively; Wechsler, 2003).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Wechsler, 2003

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Klin et al. (2007) and Black et al. (2009) found that better verbal ability is associated with fewer communication difficulties.

    “investigations by Klin et al. (2007) and Black et al. (2009) showing that higher verbal ability is related to fewer communication difficulties”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Klin et al. (2007) source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Black et al. (2009) source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Cognitive profiles were measured only once and might change over development because of maturation, intervention, or other factors.

    “we have captured cognitive profiles at a single point in time, which could conceivably vary across development due to maturational, intervention, and other effects.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Because only relatively high-functioning children with ASD were included, the study's external validity is limited and results may not generalize to lower functioning children.

    “External validity of the present study is limited by the inclusion of only relatively high-functioning children with ASD; these findings may not hold among lower functioning children.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Joseph et al. (2002) reported that ADOS scores correlated with verbal abilities from the Differential Ability Scales in children with ASD.

    “a study by Joseph et al. (2002) in which ADOS scores correlated with verbal abilities from the Differential Ability Scales among children with ASD”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Joseph et al. (2002) source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Even in high-functioning children with ASD who have largely intact language, verbal abilities appear to affect communication disabilities, or the reverse.

    “These studies converge to indicate that verbal abilities influence communication disabilities (and/or vice versa) even in high-functioning children with ASD with predominantly intact language.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    The cognitive profiles seen in ASD, like those reported here, might act as useful endophenotypes for future genetic research.

    “Cognitive profiles in ASD, such as those documented here, could serve as informative endophenotypes, which are key for future genetic investigations.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
63 of 63

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Missing data across measures did not bias the correlational results.

    “Data were collected as part of a clinical evaluation, thus not all participants received all measures.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The ASD diagnostic subtypes (autistic disorder, Asperger syndrome, and PDD-NOS) can be combined for the WISC-IV profile and correlation analyses.

    “Participants are a clinically referred sample of 56 consecutive cases of children (46 [82.1%] males) with an autism spectrum disorder diagnosis (high-functioning autism n=22; Asperger syndrome n=22; PDD-NOS n=12)”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The study had sufficient statistical power to detect associations between IQ and ADHD symptoms.

    “No significant correlations were found between IQ scores and ADHD Rating Scale scores.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The archival clinically referred sample is representative of high-functioning children with ASD generally.

    “Participants are a clinically referred sample of 56 consecutive cases of children (46 [82.1%] males) with an autism spectrum disorder diagnosis”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    ADOS and Vineland scores were contemporaneous with the WISC-IV assessment.

    “For ASD symptomatology, only the ADOS social and communication scores were utilized because ADI scores are not contemporaneous with IQ assessment”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The Wechsler processing speed tasks are primarily visuomotor.

    “Given that the Wechsler processing speed tasks are primarily visuomotor”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The ADOS and Vineland measures validly capture communication and social abilities in this sample.

    “ADOS communication symptoms were inversely correlated with verbal abilities”
7 of 7

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Lower processing speed has been found to correlate with adaptive communication skills and predict academic underachievement in autistic children.

    “lower processing speed has been found to correlate with adaptive communication skills (Oliveras-Rentas et al., 2012) and predicts academic underachievement (Mayes & Calhoun, 2007) in autistic children.”

    From Cognitive Profile in Autism and ADHD: A Meta-Analysis of Performance on the WAIS-IV and WISC-V (2024) · cites this paper as Oliveras-Rentas et al., 2012

Statistics recomputed

Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.

  • Consistentt(55) = -5.64reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “t(55) = −5.64, p < .001”

  • Consistentt(55) = -5.49reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “t(55) = −5.49, p < .001”

  • Consistentt(55) = -4.15reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “t(55) = −4.15, p < .001”

  • Consistentt(55) = -4.05reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “t(55) = −4.05, p < .001”

  • Consistentt(55) = 3.54reported p = .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “t(55) = 3.54, p = .001”

  • Consistentt(55) = 2.28reported p = .03 · recomputed p = .027

    “t(55) = 2.28, p = .03”

  • ConsistentF(3, 52) = 18.32reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(3,52) = 18.32, p < .001”

  • ConsistentF(7, 55) = 19.8reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(7,55) = 19.8, p < .001”

8 of 8

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

  • Subtest repeated-measures ANOVA has inconsistent degrees of freedom

    Minor

    For 56 participants measured on eight subtests, a conventional univariate repeated-measures ANOVA with numerator degrees of freedom 7 has denominator degrees of freedom 7 × (56 − 1) = 385, not 55. The reported degrees of freedom do not match that analysis.

    Reported 55 · recomputed 385

1 of 1

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. Lord, C., Rutter, M., DiLavore, P. C., & Risi, S. (1999). Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule–WPS (ADOS-WPS). Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.
  2. Sparrow, S. S., Cicchetti, D. V., & Balla, D. A. (2005). Vineland adaptive behavior scales: Second edition (Vineland II), survey interview form/caregiver rating form. Livonia, MN: Pearson Assessments.
  3. Wechsler, D. (2003). Wechsler intelligence scale for children-fourth edition (WISC-IV). San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Oliveras-Rentas, R. E., Kenworthy, L., Roberson, R. B., Martin, A., & Wallace, G. L.
Affiliations
  • Children's National (US)
  • National Institutes of Health (US)
Corresponding author
Wallace, Gregory L.
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2011-06-03
Volume
42
Issue
5
Pages
655-664
ISSN
  • 0162-3257 (ISSN-L)
  • 1573-3432
DOI
10.1007/s10803-011-1289-7
PMC
PMC3448485
OpenAlex
W2004828747
Cited by
231
References
69
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 3
FWCI
4.06
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations
  • Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health
  • National Institute of Mental Health (ZIAMH002920)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
Keywords
autism spectrum disorder, high-functioning autism, WISC-IV, processing speed, adaptive behavior, ADHD symptoms, matrix reasoning, Similarities subtest, Comprehension subtest, symbol search, Coding subtest, children
MeSH terms
Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Aptitude, Child, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Communication, Female, Humans, Intelligence, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Problem Solving, Social Behavior, Wechsler Scales, Comprehension

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-05.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-05.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

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