The DOI matches its Crossref record; 28 of the 28 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Psychometric Evaluation of the Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale (PASS) in Chronic Pain Patients
Abstract
This study examined psychometric properties of the Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale (PASS), a measure of pain-related fear. A recently developed shortened version of the PASS, the PASS-20, was also investigated. Previously reported factor structures of the PASS were tested by means of confirmatory factor analysis. Results indicated that all models fitted adequately but that a five-factor solution fitted slightly better compared to the other models tested. The four-factor solution of the PASS-20 was tested by means of confirmatory factor analysis and results indicated adequate fit. Moreover, the four-factor solution of the PASS-20 was invariant among fibromyalgia and low-back pain patients. Convergent validity of the original PASS and the PASS-20 was good and internal consistency reliability adequate to excellent. The suitability of the original PASS and the PASS-20 are discussed and directions for future research are provided.
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In the citing paper
“The PASS-20 is a valid and reliable measure of anxiety symptoms in pain populations with high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha ¼ 0.81) and an excellent correlation between the short and long form (r ¼ 0.97) [36].”
From Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Chronic Pain: Does Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Influence Treatment Outcomes? (2019) · cites this paper as [36]
In the citing paper
“The PASS has demonstrated a stable factor structure and good psychometric properties (McCracken & Dhingra, 2002; Roelofs et al., 2004), as well as strong correlations with the original 40-item PASS (McCracken, Zayfert, & Gross, 1992).”
From Acceptance and values-based action in chronic pain: A three-year follow-up analysis of treatment effectiveness and process (2011) · cites this paper as Roelofs et al., 2004
In the citing paper
“The scores from the PASS have demonstrated reliability and validity in a number of studies.”
From A Contextual Analysis of Attention to Chronic Pain: What the Patient Does With Their Pain Might Be More Important Than Their Awareness or Vigilance Alone (2007) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“The instrument is a valid and reliable measure of anxiety symptoms in pain populations.35,48”
From Telehealth Versus In-Person Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Chronic Pain: A Randomized Noninferiority Trial. (2017) · cites this paper as Roelofs et al., 2004
In the citing paper
“The PASS has excellent psychometric properties and measurement characteristics that compare favorably to the long form of the measure.31,49”
Citations
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Self-citation
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Wetherell, J. L., Afari, N., Rutledge, T., Sorrell, J. T., Stoddard, J. A., Petkus, A. J., Solomon, B. C., Lehman, D. H., Liu, L., Lang, A. J., et al. (2011) · PAIN · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2011.05.016 · Cited by 508
Acceptance and Values-Based Action in Chronic Pain: A Study of Treatment Effectiveness and Process
Vowles, K. E., & McCracken, L. M. (2008) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.76.3.397 · Cited by 500
Self-citationAttentional bias to pain-related information: a meta-analysis.
Crombez, G., Van Ryckeghem, D. M. L., Eccleston, C., & Van Damme, S. (2013) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2012.11.013 · Cited by 334
Self-citationMcCracken, L. M., Gauntlett-Gilbert, J., & Vowles, K. E. (2007) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2006.12.013 · Cited by 290
Self-citationThe role of values in a contextual cognitive-behavioral approach to chronic pain
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Roelofs, J., McCracken, L., Peters, M. L., Crombez, G., van Breukelen, G., & Vlaeyen, J. W. S.
- Affiliations
- Maastricht University (NL)
- Royal National Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases (GB)
- Ghent University (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Roelofs, Jeffrey
- Venue
- Journal of Behavioral Medicine
- Published
- 2004-04
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 167-183
- ISSN
- 0160-7715 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3521
- OpenAlex
- W2003317117
- Cited by
- 196
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 4.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Behavioral Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- fear of pain, chronic pain, psychometric properties, factor structure, fibromyalgia, low back pain, convergent validity, internal consistency, measurement invariance
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety, Chronic Disease, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pain, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Severity of Illness Index, Reproducibility of Results
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- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Psychometric Evaluation of the Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale (PASS) in Chronic Pain Patients. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1023/b:jobm.0000019850.51400.a6
- The paper
- Roelofs, J., McCracken, L., Peters, M. L., Crombez, G., van Breukelen, G., & Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2004). Psychometric Evaluation of the Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale (PASS) in Chronic Pain Patients. Journal of Behavioral Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1023/b%3Ajobm.0000019850.51400.a6
