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Positive change following trauma and adversity: A review

Linley, P. Alex, Joseph, Stephen·2004·Journal of Traumatic Stress

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Abstract

Empirical studies ( n = 39) that documented positive change following trauma and adversity (e.g., posttraumatic growth, stress‐related growth, perceived benefit, thriving; collectively described as adversarial growth) were reviewed. The review indicated that cognitive appraisal variables (threat, harm, and controllability), problem‐focused, acceptance and positive reinterpretation coping, optimism, religion, cognitive processing, and positive affect were consistently associated with adversarial growth. The review revealed inconsistent associations between adversarial growth, sociodemographic variables (gender, age, education, and income), and psychological distress variables (e.g., depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder). However, the evidence showed that people who reported and maintained adversarial growth over time were less distressed subsequently. Methodological limitations and recommended future directions in adversarial growth research are discussed, and the implications of adversarial growth for clinical practice are briefly considered.

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10.1037/0022-006X.55.1.29 · DOI
Calhoun L. G., 1998, Posttraumatic growth: Positive changes in the aftermath of crisis, 215
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Authors: Linley, P. A., & Joseph, S.
Affiliations: University of Warwick (GB)
Corresponding author: Linley, P. Alex
ORCID: Joseph, Stephen
Venue: Journal of Traumatic Stress
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2004-02
Volume: 17
Issue: 1
Pages: 11-21
ISSN: 0894-9867 (ISSN-L)
1573-6598
DOI: 10.1023/b:jots.0000014671.27856.7e
OpenAlex: W1997405750
Semantic Scholar: bf3d0c6f34f2dd266406625b4bc6ddbb483be513
Cited by: 2,260
References: 60
Citations by year: 2026: 47 · 2025: 97 · 2024: 84 · 2023: 139 · 2022: 120 · 2021: 104 · 2020: 119 · 2019: 94 · 2018: 95 · 2017: 133 · 2016: 135 · 2015: 126 · 2014: 129 · 2013: 135 · 2012: 124
FWCI: 9.02
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 515 d)
Locations: Journal of Traumatic Stress (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: University of Warwick
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer survivorship and care
Keywords: adversarial growth, posttraumatic growth, stress-related growth, perceived benefits, thriving, trauma, adversity, cognitive appraisal, threat appraisal, controllability, problem-focused coping, acceptance and commitment therapy, positive reappraisal, optimism, positive affect, psychological distress, depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, sociodemographic factors, clinical practice
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Attitude, Depression, Humans, Problem Solving, Psychology, Religion and Psychology, Social Support, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Time Factors

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