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A Universal Definition of Life: Autonomy and Open-Ended Evolution
Abstract
Life is a complex phenomenon that not only requires individual self-producing and self-sustaining systems but also a historical-collective organization of those individual systems, which brings about characteristic evolutionary dynamics. On these lines, we propose to define universally living beings as autonomous systems with open-ended evolution capacities, and we claim that all such systems must have a semi-permeable active boundary (membrane), an energy transduction apparatus (set of energy currencies) and, at least, two types of functionally interdependent macromolecular components (catalysts and records). The latter is required to articulate a 'phenotype-genotype' decoupling that leads to a scenario where the global network of autonomous systems allows for an open-ended increase in the complexity of the individual agents. Thus, the basic-individual organization of biological systems depends critically on being instructed by patterns (informational records) whose generation and reliable transmission cannot be explained but take into account the complete historical network of relationships among those systems. We conclude that a proper definition of life should consider both levels, individual and collective: living systems cannot be fully constituted without being part of the evolutionary process of a whole ecosystem. Finally, we also discuss a few practical implications of the definition for different programs of research.
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Metadata
- Authors
- Ruiz-Mirazo, K., Peretó, J., & Moreno, A.
- Affiliations
- Universitat de València (ES)
- ORCID
- Peretó, Juli
- Venue
- Origins of life and evolution of the biosphere
- Published
- 2004-06
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 323-346
- ISSN
- 0169-6149 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-0875
- OpenAlex
- W2089114542
- Cited by
- 393
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 7.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Comisión Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnología
- Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Origins and Evolution of Life
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Philosophy of Biology and Scientific Explanation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Evolution and Genetic Dynamics
- Keywords
- concept of life, autonomy, open-ended evolution, semipermeable membranes, energy transduction, collective organization, evolutionary dynamics, complexity increase
- MeSH terms
- Origin of Life, Energy Metabolism, Biological Evolution, Models, Biological, Models, Theoretical, Reproduction, Life
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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