Cited by 315Phytase and its ApplicationsIron Metabolism and DisordersInfant Nutrition and Health

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Phytic Acid Degradation as a Means of Improving Iron Absorption

Hurrell·2004·International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research

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Abstract

Phytic acid is a potent inhibitor of native and fortification iron absorption and low absorption of iron from cereal- and/or legume-based complementary foods is a major factor in the etiology of iron deficiency in infants. Dephytinization of complementary foods or soy-based infant formulas is technically possible but, as phytic acid is strongly inhibitory at low concentrations, complete enzymatic degradation is recommended. If this is not possible, the phytic acid to iron molar ratio should be decreased to below 1:1 and preferably below 0.4:1. Complete dephytinization of cereal- and legume-based complementary foods has been shown to increase the percentage of iron absorption by as much as 12-fold (0.99% to 11.54%) in a single-meal study when the foods were reconstituted with water. The addition of milk, however, inhibits iron absorption and overcomes the enhancing effect of phytic acid degradation. Dephytinization can therefore be strongly recommended only for cereal/legume mixtures reconstituted with water, especially low-cost complementary foods destined for infants in developing countries. In countries where infant cereals are consumed with milk, ascorbic acid addition can more easily be used to overcome the negative effect of phytic acid on iron absorption. Similarly with soy-based infant formulas, especially if manufactured from low-phytate isolates, ascorbic acid can be used to ensure adequate iron absorption.

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“However, whole cereal flours are rich in phytate ( myo -inositol hexaphosphate) (Garcia-Estepa et al., 1999; Kumar et al., 2010), an antinutrient that strongly chelates minerals such as iron and zinc making them unavailable for absorption by humans (Brune et al., 1992; Hurrel, 2004).”
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“4 to achieve adequate iron absorption [52].”
Maizes
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“Although the iron in saltbush was found to be more bioaccessible and soluble, the intestinal iron absorption from samphire was greater than saltbush, and this may have been due to lower molar ratios of phytic acid:iron [64].”
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“Myo-inositol hexaphosphate (IP6), or phytic acid, and also IP5 bind actively to divalent cations such as Ca, Fe, and Zn, forming insoluble complexes that cannot be absorbed (Sandberg et al. 1999; Hurrell 2004).”
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“70, a ratio considered to have a positive impact on the iron absorption in humans (Hurrell, 2004).”
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Authors: Hurrell
Affiliations: ETH Zurich (CH)
Corresponding author: Hurrell
Venue: International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research
Publisher: IMR Press
Published: 2004-11-01
Volume: 74
Issue: 6
Pages: 445-452
ISSN: 0020-9406 (ISSN-L)
0300-9831
1664-2821
DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831.74.6.445
OpenAlex: W1992840109
Cited by: 315
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 18 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 16
FWCI: 8.23
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Phytase and its Applications
Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Iron Metabolism and Disorders
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Infant Nutrition and Health
Keywords: phytic acid, iron absorption, dephytinization, infant iron deficiency, complementary foods, soy-based infant formula, vitamin C, phytate degradation, cereal-legume mixtures, infant nutrition
MeSH terms: Absorption, Animals, Ascorbic Acid, Edible Grain, Food, Fortified, Humans, Infant, Iron, Milk, 6-Phytase, Phytic Acid, Infant Formula, Soy Foods

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Phytic Acid Degradation as a Means of Improving Iron Absorption

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