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Mesoscale patterns in the Cape São Vicente (Iberian Peninsula) upwelling region
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The coastal upwelling region near Cape São Vicente, the southwestern tip of the Iberian Peninsula where the southern zonal coast meets the meridional western coast, was studied using over 1200 advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) satellite images of sea surface temperature and time series of sea level height, wind velocities, and nearshore sea surface temperature recorded at coastal sites within 200 km of the cape. Summer upwelling is more intense and persistent off the western coast than off the southern coast, where a recurrent warm coastal countercurrent flows westward, and at times turns northward along the western coast after reaching the cape. In this region the equatorward current jet of cold water upwelled off the western coast is no longer bounded by a coast. Three preferred directions for the spreading of this water are identified. The most persistent is eastward along the southern shelf break and slope, possibly merging with waters previously upwelled locally, which becomes separated from shore by the coastal progression of the warmer counterflow. The second preferred direction results in the southward development of a cold filament feature fed by cold waters upwelled farther north and represents the southernmost extent of the intense coastal upwelling jet, which overshoots the cape. The least frequent feature to develop is a cold filament that grows westward at the latitude of the cape, appearing to result from the meandering of the equatorward jet. The coastal countercurrent is seen to interact with the equatorward jet at times of relaxation, not only by separating the cold upwelled water from the coast but, when it is energetic enough, breaking westward offshore through the equatorward cold flow and separating the eastward and southward cold features from the upcoast cold waters. Empirical evidence shows the presence of an alongshore pressure gradient, stronger in summer, driving the coastal progression of the warm counterflow. Wind forcing plays an important role in the circulation by augmenting or diminishing the effect of the preexisting alongshore pressure gradients. The extent of the progression of the warm coastal countercurrent along the southern and western coast is dictated by the the strength of the upwelling favorable wind stress, which is able to balance and reverse the alongshore flow, at least in the upper layers.
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“The divergence between the SST patterns in Figure 8d,f can be attributed to variations in the intensity of upwelling processes occurring near Cape São Vicente, as described by Relvas and Barton [16].”
From Baseline Climatology of the Canary Current Upwelling System and Evolution of Sea Surface Temperature (2024) · cites this paper as Relvas and Barton [16]
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Sub-regional ecosystem variability in the Canary Current upwelling
Arı́stegui, J., Barton, E. D., Álvarez–Salgado, X. A., Santos, A. M. P., Figueiras, F. G., Kifani, S., Hernández‐León, S., Mason, E., Machu, É., & Demarcq, H. (2009) · Progress In Oceanography · doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2009.07.031 · Cited by 493
“Vincent the cold jet usually turns eastward along the southern shelf break, but may continue southward or, rarely, turn westward to form a cold filament (Relvas and Barton, 2002).”
BackgroundSelf-citationPhysical oceanography of the western Iberia ecosystem: Latest views and challenges
Relvas, P., Barton, E. D., Dubert, J., Oliveira, P. B., Peliz, Á., da Silva, J. C. B., & Santos, A. M. P. (2007) · Progress In Oceanography · doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2007.04.021 · Cited by 349
Self-citationWater mass circulation on the continental shelf of the Gulf of Cádiz
García‐Lafuente, J., Delgado, J., Criado‐Aldeanueva, F., Bruno, M., Río, J. D., & Vargas, J. M. (2006) · Deep Sea Research Part II Topical Studies in Oceanography · doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.04.011 · Cited by 173
“Relvas and Barton (2002) suggested the presence of an alongshore pressure gradient that drives the counterflow.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSardine regime shifts off Portugal: a time series analysis of catches and wind conditions
Borges, M. F., Santos, A. M. P., Crato, N., Mendes, H., & Mota, B. (2003) · Scientia Marina · doi:10.3989/scimar.2003.67s1235 · Cited by 163
“From the early 1940s until the early 1970s, the NAO exhibited a downward trend, but the dominance of NAO positive phase has occurred over the past 25 years, with unprecedented highly positive index values since 1980 (Hurrell, 1995; Hurrell and van Loon, 1997; Jones et al., 1997).”
BackgroundSpatial and temporal variability of phytoplankton in the Gulf of Cádiz through remote sensing images
Navarro, G., & Ruiz, J. (2006) · Deep Sea Research Part II Topical Studies in Oceanography · doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.04.014 · Cited by 150
Garrido, S., Ben‐Hamadou, R., Oliveira, P. B., et al. (2008) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps07201 · Cited by 144
“…reduced, although upwelling does occasionally occur there under the influence of local westerly winds, or mainly when upwelled waters from the west coast intrude over the southern shelf break following an easterly extension of the equatorward upwelling current (Fiúza 1983, Relvas & Barton 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialTemperature and productivity changes off the western Iberian margin during the last 150 ky
Salgueiro, E., Voelker, A. H. L., de Abreu, L., Abrantes, F. F., Meggers, H., & Wefer, G. (2009) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.11.013 · Cited by 150
“during some periods at present time (Fiúza, 1983, 1984; Relvas and Barton, 2002) caused the colder and deeper ENACWsp to be prefer-”
BackgroundThe Gulf of Cádiz pelagic ecosystem: A review
García‐Lafuente, J., & Ruiz, J. (2007) · Progress In Oceanography · doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2007.04.001 · Cited by 139
Upwelling Bays: How Coastal Upwelling Controls Circulation, Habitat, and Productivity in Bays
Largier, J. L. (2019) · Annual Review of Marine Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-marine-010419-011020 · Cited by 161
Lourenço, C. R., Zardi, G. I., McQuaid, C. D., Serrão, E. Á., Pearson, G. A., Jacinto, R., & Nicastro, K. R. (2016) · Journal of Biogeography · doi:10.1111/jbi.12744 · Cited by 130
“…Iberia, Mediterranean and Atlantic Morocco and Western Sahara, which include three upwelling systems: the Iberian (affecting SW Portuguese shores; Relvas & Barton, 2002), the north-west (NW) African (or Canary, affecting Atlantic Morocco and Western Sahara; Marcello et al., 2011; Benazzouz et…”
BackgroundDistribution and circulation of water masses in the Gulf of Cadiz from in situ observations
Criado‐Aldeanueva, F., García‐Lafuente, J., Vargas, J. M., et al. (2006) · Deep Sea Research Part II Topical Studies in Oceanography · doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.04.012 · Cited by 117
“More recently, Relvas and Barton (2002) have used a combined set of satellite data (1200 images between 1981 and 1995), coastal meteorological (wind, atmospheric pressure) and sea-level observations at strategic points to study different areas of interest: the upwelling off the western Portuguese…”
BackgroundInfluentialAlberto, F., Massa, S. I., Manent, P., Díaz-Almela, E., Arnaud‐Haond, S., Duarte, C. M., & Serrão, E. Á. (2008) · Journal of Biogeography · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2007.01876.x · Cited by 117
“However the gene-flow patterns reported here, in the opposite direction, could be accounted for by near-shore counter-currents (Relvas & Barton, 2002) and surface wind patterns, particularly during storms.”
BackgroundSurface circulation in the Gulf of Cadiz: Model and mean flow structure
Peliz, Á., Dubert, J., Marchesiello, P., & Teles‐Machado, A. (2007) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2007jc004159 · Cited by 124
“Vincent is also a common event [Relvas and Barton, 2002]. [58] The double core current that merges near the entrance of the Strait (Figures 16a and 16b at about 6 150W), has never been reported before either using observations or modeling results. Little evidence of it is present in work by Baringer and Price [1997b,…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSalgueiro, E., Naughton, F., Voelker, A. H. L., de Abreu, L., Alberto, A., Rossignol, L., Duprat, J. M., Magalhães, V., Vaqueiro, S., Turon, J., et al. (2014) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.09.001 · Cited by 117
“Denser ENACWsp occurs below subtropical ENACWst, and is formed in the eastern North Atlantic at 46 N (Fiúza, 1984; Rios et al., 1992; Fiúza et al., 1998).”
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Relvas, P., & Barton, E. D. (2004) · Continental Shelf Research · doi:10.1016/j.csr.2004.09.006 · Cited by 94
“Relvas and Barton (2002) concluded that the driving factor of the alongshore pressure gradient was present during most of the year but enhanced during the summer months.”
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“J Ecol 91: 610–615 Reusch TBH, Stam W, Olsen JL (1998) Size and estimated age of genets in eelgrass, Zostera marina, assessed with microsatellite markers.”
InfluentialSánchez-Leal, R. F., & Relvas, P. (2003) · ICES Journal of Marine Science · doi:10.1016/s1054-3139(03)00137-1 · Cited by 92
“The inshore region is dominated during upwelling relaxations by westward flow along the coast as a non-geostrophic response of the alongshore pressure gradient existing along the SW Portuguese coast (Relvas and Barton, 2002 and cf. Figure 7a).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationArístegui, J., Álvarez–Salgado, X. A., Barton, E. D., Figueiras, F. G., Hernández‐León, S., Roy, C., & Santos, A. M. P. (2006) · Cited by 90
Self-citationPeliz, Á., Marchesiello, P., Santos, A. M. P., et al. (2009) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2008jc004771 · Cited by 88
“[46] The GCC over the slope and its non wind-driven nature may help explaining many of the SST patterns observed in the GoC such as the ‘‘Huelva front’’ [Folkard et al., 1997; Relvas and Barton, 2002].”
BackgroundInfluentialCharacterisation of coastal counter-currents on the inner shelf of the Gulf of Cadiz
Garel, E., Laiz, I., Drago, T., & Relvas, P. (2015) · Journal of Marine Systems · doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2015.11.001 · Cited by 87
“In their detailed study based on cloud-free satellite images available mostly during the summer months, Relvas and Barton (2002) have noted the presence of warm CCC during 45% of the time at the South coast.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationBoavida, J., Paulo, D., Aurelle, D., Arnaud‐Haond, S., Marschal, C., Reed, J. K., Gonçalves, J. M. S., & Serrão, E. Á. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0147228 · Cited by 84
Loureiro, S., Newton, A., & Icely, J. D. (2006) · Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science · doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2005.11.029 · Cited by 82
“During winter, the Ria is exposed to run-off episodes induced by rainfall (Newton et al., 2003), whereas coastal waters are influenced by upwelling events (Fiúza, 1983) and the warmer currents from Cádiz (Relvas and Barton, 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialMeunier, T., Barton, E. D., Barreiro, B., et al. (2012) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2012jc007905 · Cited by 78
“They have been since observed in every major upwelling system: Benguela [Shillington, 1990; Lutjeharms et al., 1991], Iberia [Haynes et al., 1993; Relvas and Barton, 2002; Barton et al., 2001; Peliz et al., 2002], Humboldt [Marin et al., 2001; Sobarzo and Figueroa, 2001], and north-west Africa…”
BackgroundSelf-citationMelton, C., Washburn, L., & Gotschalk, C. C. (2009) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2009jc005397 · Cited by 76
“Garci´a-Lafuente et al. [2006] and Relvas and Barton [2002] also invoke alongshore pressure gradients for driving the countercurrents they observed in the Gulf of Ca´diz.”
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Distribution of cephalopod paralarvae in relation to the regional oceanography of the western Iberia
Moreno, A., Santos, A. D., Piatkowski, U., Santos, A. M. P., & Cabral, H. N. (2008) · Journal of Plankton Research · doi:10.1093/plankt/fbn103 · Cited by 74
“Here, local upwelling events under westerly winds tend to be weak, intermittent and less frequent (Relvas and Barton, 2002).”
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“The warm counter-current is a recurrent feature that occurred in the 45% of clear advanced very high-resolution radiometer (AVHRR) scans from 1982 to 1991 ( Relvas and Barton, 2002 ).”
BackgroundHydrographic conditions along the western Iberian margin during marine isotope stage 2
Voelker, A. H. L., de Abreu, L., Schönfeld, J., Erlenkeuser, H., & Abrantes, F. F. (2009) · Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems · doi:10.1029/2009gc002605 · Cited by 79
“The most persistent feature, however, is an eastward extension along the southern Portuguese shelf break and slope [Relvas and Barton, 2002] (Figure 1c).”
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“A possible origin for the warm coastal current flowing into the GC is the reversal of the normally upwelling-favorable winds, as has been observed in the California coast [Send et al., 1987] and in the Bay of Biscay [Relvas and Barton, 2002].”
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Importance of the mesoscale in the decadal changes observed in the northern Canary upwelling system
Relvas, P., Luís, J. F., & Santos, A. M. P. (2009) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2009gl040504 · Cited by 75
“Remarkably, off the southern part, the known upwelling pattern and associated features [Relvas and Barton, 2002] is clearly reflected in the warming field.”
BackgroundSelf-citationBasin-scale structures governing the position of the deep fluorescence maximum in the Gulf of Cádiz
Navarro, G., Ruiz, J., Huertas, I. E., et al. (2006) · Deep Sea Research Part II Topical Studies in Oceanography · doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.04.013 · Cited by 68
“The presence of filaments with distinctive temperature (Relvas and Barton, 2002) and chlorophyll (Peliz et al.”
BackgroundIncarbona, A., Martrat, B., Stefano, E. D., Grimalt, J. O., Pelosi, N., Patti, B., & Tranchida, G. (2010) · Paleoceanography · doi:10.1029/2008pa001709 · Cited by 72
“…Current (IPC); the western Iberia winter front; and other meandering structures [Álvarez‐Salgado et al., 2003; Pérez et al., 2001;Peliz et al., 2005;Relvas and Barton, 2002, 2005; Relvas et al., 2007; Sánchez and Relvas, 2003; Sánchez et al., 2007; Schiebel et al., 2002a; van Aken, 2000a, 2000b,…”
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“Qy forcing acted together with Qx in summer, corroborating previous studies in the area (Loureiro et al., 2005; Relvas and Barton, 2002; Sánchez and Relvas, 2003).”
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A Bayesian model for anchovy ( Engraulis encrasicolus ): the combined forcing of man and environment
Ruiz, J., González‐Quirós, R., Prieto, L., & Navarro, G. (2009) · Fisheries Oceanography · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2419.2008.00497.x · Cited by 62
“Persistent easterlies cause the offshore spilling of waters from the shelf through Capes Santa Marı́a and San Vicente (Relvas and Barton, 2002).”
BackgroundSalgueiro, E., Voelker, A. H. L., Abrantes, F. F., Meggers, H., Pflaumann, U., Lončarić, N., González-Álvarez, R., Oliveira, P. B., Bartels-Jonsdottir, H. B., Moreno, J., et al. (2007) · Marine Micropaleontology · doi:10.1016/j.marmicro.2007.09.003 · Cited by 65
“6°W), upwelling plumes can also occasionally occur under favorable westerly wind periods (Relvas and Barton, 2002; Sousa and Bricaud, 1992).”
Leitão, P., Coelho, H., dos Santos, A., et al. (2005) · Journal of Atmospheric & Ocean Science · doi:10.1080/17417530601127704 · Cited by 61
The climate of the Common Era off the Iberian Peninsula
Abrantes, F. F., Rodrigues, T., Rufino, M. M., Salgueiro, E., Oliveira, D., Gomes, S. D., Oliveira, P. B., Costa, A. M., Mil-Homens, M., Drago, T., et al. (2017) · Climate of the past · doi:10.5194/cp-13-1901-2017 · Cited by 61
“stratification showing a direct relationship between flow velocity and water temperature (Garel et al., 2016; Relvas and Barton, 2002).”
BackgroundGoela, P., Danchenko, S., Icely, J. D., et al. (2014) · Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science · doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2014.10.001 · Cited by 60
“This region is subjected to seasonal coastal upwelling, usually from early spring to late summer, after favourable north and westerly winds (Wooster et al., 1976; Fiúza et al., 1982; Relvas and Barton, 2002; Ambar and Dias, 2008).”
BackgroundWashburn, L., Fewings, M. R., Melton, C., & Gotschalk, C. C. (2011) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2011jc007502 · Cited by 58
“In the Portuguese‐ Canary Current upwelling system, the warm currents flow westward along the Iberian coast in the Gulf of Cádiz [García‐ Lafuente et al., 2006; Relvas and Barton, 2002, 2005].”
BackgroundResultLavín, M. F., Castro, R., Beier, E. J., Cabrera, C. R., Godínez, V. M., & Amador-Buenrostro, A. (2014) · Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans · doi:10.1002/2013jc009345 · Cited by 53
Loureiro, S., Newton, A., & Icely, J. D. (2005) · Scientia Marina · doi:10.3989/scimar.2005.69n3323 · Cited by 51
“Winds are mostly moderate (6-8 m s-1), and relatively intense velocities (8-10 m s-1) are only registered in July (P2), revealing a decrease in wind stress conditions in comparison with previous years (Relvas and Barton, 2002).”
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On the inner-shelf circulation in the northern Gulf of Cádiz, southern Portuguese shelf
Sánchez-Leal, R. F., Mason, E., Relvas, P., et al. (2006) · Deep Sea Research Part II Topical Studies in Oceanography · doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.04.002 · Cited by 49
“This conjunction contributed to the construction of a local along-shore pressure gradient, that if not balanced by the local wind stress may be held responsible for the poleward propagation, as has been proposed by Relvas and Barton (2002).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationCravo, A., Madureira, M., Felícia, H., et al. (2006) · Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science · doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2006.05.034 · Cited by 48
Criado‐Aldeanueva, F., García‐Lafuente, J., Navarro, G., et al. (2009) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2008jc005069 · Cited by 47
“…are many references to a coastal countercurrent of relatively warm waters that flow westward near the shore on the eastern shelf and, eventually, on the western shelf during spring-summer [ Fiu´za , 1983; Relvas and Barton , 2002, 2005; Sa´nchez and Relvas , 2003; Garcı´a-Lafuente et al. , 2006].”
BackgroundNear-surface circulation in the southern Gulf of Cádiz
Machín, F., Pelegrí, J. L., Marrero-Díaz, Á., et al. (2006) · Deep Sea Research Part II Topical Studies in Oceanography · doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.04.001 · Cited by 47
“Wind forcing is responsible for the presence of upwelling regions off its northern margin, with prominent filaments emanating from Capes San Vicente and Santa Marı́a (Folkard et al., 1997; Relvas and Barton, 2002; Sánchez and Relvas, 2003; Vargas et al., 2003; Garcı́a-Lafuente et al., 2006) and the African coast (Nykj…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialHanebuth, T. J. J., King, M. L., Mendes, I., Lebreiro, S., Lobo, F. J., Oberle, F. K. J., Antón, L., Ferreira, P. A. D. L., & Reguera, M. I. (2018) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.352 · Cited by 44
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An upwelling filament off southwest Iberia: Effect on the chlorophyll a and nutrient export
Cravo, A., Relvas, P., Cardeira, S., et al. (2010) · Continental Shelf Research · doi:10.1016/j.csr.2010.06.007 · Cited by 44
“Up to now, published research for the southern margin of Iberia has been quite limited to physical oceanography issues (Relvas and Barton, 2002; Sánchez and Relvas, 2003; Sánchez et al., 2008).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMarquet, N., Conand, C., Power, D. M., et al. (2017) · Fisheries Research · doi:10.1016/j.fishres.2017.03.007 · Cited by 43
Cravo, A., Cardeira, S., Pereira, C. G., et al. (2014) · Journal of Sea Research · doi:10.1016/j.seares.2014.04.004 · Cited by 42
“These appear to be more intense off the western part of the southern coast, from Cape São Vicente to Cape Santa Maria (Relvas and Barton, 2002).”
BackgroundLoureiro, S., Reñé, A., Garcés, E., Camp, J., & Vaqué, D. (2011) · Journal of Sea Research · doi:10.1016/j.seares.2011.03.004 · Cited by 42
Low-Cost Citizen Science Effectively Monitors the Rapid Expansion of a Marine Invasive Species
Encarnação, J., Baptista, V., Teodósio, M. A., & Morais, P. (2021) · Frontiers in Environmental Science · doi:10.3389/fenvs.2021.752705 · Cited by 44
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“Geographical location of sampling Stations (A, B and C) off Sagres in the Southwestern part of the Iberian Peninsula.”
BackgroundInfluentialCristina, S., Icely, J. D., Goela, P., DelValls, T. Á., & Newton, A. (2015) · Continental Shelf Research · doi:10.1016/j.csr.2015.03.011 · Cited by 43
“Sagres is close to Cabo São Vicente, at the intersection of the west and south coast of the Iberian Peninsula, and is dominated by the interaction of two weather regimes (Relvas and Barton, 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialHigh resolution projections for the western Iberian coastal low level jet in a changing climate
Soares, P. M. M., Lima, D. C. A., Cardoso, R. M., & Semedo, A. A. M. (2016) · Climate Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s00382-016-3397-8 · Cited by 41
“The Iberian coastal low-level jet has been referred in a small number of studies (e.g. Relvas and Barton 2002; Hoinka and de Castro 2003; Torres et al. 2003; Alvarez et al. 2008), however none clearly show observational evidence or characterize its main properties.”
BackgroundOn the onset of the Gulf of Cadiz Coastal Countercurrent
Teles‐Machado, A., Peliz, Á., Dubert, J., et al. (2007) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2007gl030091 · Cited by 38
“Relvas and Barton [2002] also list a few processes that could generate pressure gradients like: the large scale meridional density gradients, the exchange through the”
BackgroundBaltar, F., & Arı́stegui, J. (2017) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2017.00252 · Cited by 39
Onset and development of the Iberian poleward flow along the Galician coast
Torres, R., & Barton, E. D. (2006) · Continental Shelf Research · doi:10.1016/j.csr.2006.03.009 · Cited by 38
Self-citationEdwards, V., Icely, J. D., Newton, A., et al. (2004) · Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science · doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2004.09.004 · Cited by 38
“In the summer a dominant, northerly wind drives a seasonal, coastal upwelling (Wooster et al., 1976; Fiúza et al., 1982; Frouin et al., 1990; Sousa and Bricaud, 1992; Relvas and Barton, 2002) that supplies nutrients to the euphotic zone.”
BackgroundVoelker, A. H. L., Salgueiro, E., Rodrigues, T., et al. (2015) · Global and Planetary Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2015.08.015 · Cited by 37
“The shape and direction of the highly productive Cape São Vicente filament are very variable, but its most persistent feature is an eastward extension along the southern shelf break and slope of Portugal (Sousa and Bricaud, 1992; Relvas and Barton, 2002).”
BackgroundBellanco, M. J., & Sánchez-Leal, R. F. (2016) · Continental Shelf Research · doi:10.1016/j.csr.2016.09.001 · Cited by 35
Krug, L. A., Platt, T., Sathyendranath, S., & Barbosa, A. B. (2017) · Remote Sensing of Environment · doi:10.1016/j.rse.2017.05.029 · Cited by 35
Water quality of a southwest Iberian coastal lagoon: Spatial and temporal variability
Rosa, A., Cravo, A., Jacob, J., & Correia, C. (2022) · Continental Shelf Research · doi:10.1016/j.csr.2022.104804 · Cited by 34
Muñoz, M. J., Reul, A., Plaza, F., Gómez-Moreno, M.-L., Vargas‐Yáñez, M., Rodríguez, V., & Rodríguez, J. (2015) · Ocean & Coastal Management · doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2015.04.011 · Cited by 37
Neves, A. A. S., Pinardi, N., & Martins, F. (2016) · Ocean Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s10236-016-0960-0 · Cited by 32
“…counter-current takes place in the southern shelf, transporting warm waters from the Gulf of Cadiz eastwards in the southern shelf with velocities of up to 20 cm/s, turning northward at the Cape Sao Vicente and increasing in intensity with values of up to 30 cm/s (Fiúza et al. 1982; Relvas 2002).”
BackgroundMcCabe, R. M., Hickey, B. M., Dever, E. P., & MacCready, P. (2014) · Journal of Physical Oceanography · doi:10.1175/jpo-d-14-0025.1 · Cited by 32
Llope, M. (2016) · ICES Journal of Marine Science · doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsw165 · Cited by 33
“The abrupt change in coastline orientation at Cabo de S~ao Vicente creates a discontinuity in the Portuguese-Canary Current Upwelling System, which frees most of the GoC from the tight control of the upwelling regime off Portugal (Fi uza 1983; Relvas and Barton, 2002).”
BackgroundTeles‐Machado, A., Peliz, Á., McWilliams, J. C., et al. (2015) · Progress In Oceanography · doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2015.05.021 · Cited by 32
“The summer is dominated by upwelling-type shelf circulation with associated equatorward surface currents, cold water fronts, filaments and eddies (Haynes et al., 1993; Relvas and Barton, 2002; 5 Peliz et al., 2002).”
BackgroundIntegrated Monitoring of Mola mola Behaviour in Space and Time
Sousa, L. L., López-Castejón, F., Gilabert, J., Relvas, P., Couto, A., Queiroz, N. C., Caldas, R., Dias, P. S., Dias, H., Faria, M., et al. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0160404 · Cited by 31
“These upwelling regimes are interleaved by periods when warm waters originating in the eastern part of the GoC invade the coastal region [85,89,90].”
BackgroundSelf-citationModelling larval dispersal dynamics of common sole (Solea solea) along the western Iberian coast
Tanner, S. E., Teles‐Machado, A., Martinho, F., Peliz, Á., & Cabral, H. N. (2017) · Progress In Oceanography · doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2017.06.005 · Cited by 31
Gómez-Enri, J., Vignudelli, S., Cipollini, P. P., et al. (2017) · Advances in Space Research · doi:10.1016/j.asr.2017.10.042 · Cited by 30
“A warm surface counter-current flows westward near the coast during the spring-summer seasons but reverses to eastward in late autumn-early winter (Stevenson, 1977; Relvas and Barton, 2002).”
BackgroundLima, M. J., Relvas, P., & Barbosa, A. B. (2022) · Harmful Algae · doi:10.1016/j.hal.2022.102254 · Cited by 30
Self-citationMulti-year high-frequency physical and environmental observations at the Guadiana Estuary
Garel, E., & Ferreira, Ó. (2015) · Earth system science data · doi:10.5194/essd-7-299-2015 · Cited by 29
A 60-Year Time Series Analyses of the Upwelling along the Portuguese Coast
Leitão, F., Baptista, V., Vieira, V. M. N. C. S., Silva, P. L., Relvas, P., & Teodósio, M. A. (2019) · Water · doi:10.3390/w11061285 · Cited by 29
Self-citationMil-Homens, M., Vale, C., Naughton, F., Brito, P., Drago, T., Anes, B., Raimundo, J., Schmidt, S., & Caetano, M. (2016) · Science of the Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.143 · Cited by 28
Coastal gradients of small microplastics and associated pollutants influenced by estuarine sources
González‐Ortegón, E., Sendra, M., Sparaventi, E., Sánchez-Leal, R. F., Ríos, I. D. L., Baldó, F., González‐Fernández, D., & Yeste, M. P. (2022) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113292 · Cited by 30
Coupled ocean wind and sea surface temperature patterns off the western Iberian Peninsula
Sánchez, R., Relvas, P., & Delgado, M. (2007) · Journal of Marine Systems · doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2006.11.003 · Cited by 34
“Relvas and Barton (2002) and Sánchez et al. (2006) observed the formation of a vigorous inshore countercurrent in the northern Gulf of Cádiz opposing the (weak) local winds.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationComparisons of ocean scatterometer and anemometer winds off the southwestern Iberian Peninsula
Sánchez-Leal, R. F., Relvas, P., & Pires, H. O. (2006) · Continental Shelf Research · doi:10.1016/j.csr.2006.09.007 · Cited by 28
“Previous studies of air–sea interaction in the southwestern Iberian Peninsula have used low-pass filtered coastal wind observations, with an arbitrary low-pass filter response of 40 h (e.g. Relvas and Barton, 2002).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationOcurrence of Ostreopsis in two temperate coastal bays (SW iberia): Insights from the plankton
Santos, M., Oliveira, P. B., Moita, M. T., et al. (2019) · Harmful Algae · doi:10.1016/j.hal.2019.03.003 · Cited by 27
Goela, P., Icely, J. D., Cristina, S., et al. (2012) · Continental Shelf Research · doi:10.1016/j.csr.2012.11.009 · Cited by 27
Sonderblohm, C. P., Pereira, J., & Erzini, K. (2014) · ICES Journal of Marine Science · doi:10.1093/icesjms/fst189 · Cited by 27
“, 2009), but the influence of Atlantic waters from the west persists during the whole year, with intermittent upwelling and relaxation episodes, specially for summer, when these events became more intense and frequent (Relvas, 2002).”
BackgroundPhysical description of an upwelling filament west of Cape St. Vincent in late October 2004
Sánchez-Leal, R. F., Relvas, P., Martinho, A., et al. (2008) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2007jc004430 · Cited by 27
“, 2007] interacts with pre-existing alongshore pressure gradients [Relvas and Barton, 2002] and topography [Serra and Ambar, 2002] to produce complex circulation patterns.”
BackgroundSelf-citationMorais, P., Afonso, L., & Dias, E. (2021) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2021.765228 · Cited by 26
Fuhlbrügge, S., Krüger, K., Quack, B., et al. (2013) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-13-6345-2013 · Cited by 26
Goela, P., Icely, J. D., Cristina, S., Danchenko, S., DelValls, T. Á., & Newton, A. (2015) · Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science · doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2015.07.037 · Cited by 27
Casaucao-Aguilar, A., González‐Ortegón, E., Jiménez, M. P., Teles‐Machado, A., Plecha, S. M., Peliz, Á., & Laiz, I. (2021) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146530 · Cited by 26
Shelves of the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands (I): Morphology and sediment types
Fernández-Salas, L. M., Durán, R., Mendes, I., et al. (2015) · BOLETÍN GEOLÓGICO Y MINERO · doi:10.21701/bolgeomin.126.2-3.005 · Cited by 25
“During the upwelling season, a warm, counter current may occur over the inner shelf in the south of the west coast, coming from the Gulf of Cadiz and associated with periods of weakening or relaxation of the upwelling due to the favourable winds (Relvas and Barton, 2002; 2005).”
Synoptic forcing of wind relaxations at Pt. Conception, California
Fewings, M. R., Washburn, L., Dorman, C. E., Gotschalk, C., & Lombardo, K. A. (2016) · Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans · doi:10.1002/2016jc011699 · Cited by 28
Transient response of the Northwestern Iberian upwelling regime
Cordeiro, N. G. F., Dubert, J., Nolasco, R., & Barton, E. D. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0197627 · Cited by 24
Self-citationWilliams, M. A. J., Ambrose, S. H., van der Kaars, S., Rühlemann, C., Chattopadhyaya, U., Pal, J., & Chauhan, P. R. (2010) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.05.043 · Cited by 24
Garrido, S., Murta, A. G., Moreira, A., et al. (2008) · ICES Journal of Marine Science · doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsn169 · Cited by 23
“The south coast of Portugal is also directly influenced by upwelling under favourable westerly winds, which are usually weaker and more intermittent than on the west coast, and occur mainly during late spring or summer (Relvas and Barton, 2002).”
BackgroundMarine Litter on the Coast of the Algarve: Main Sources and Distribution Using a Modeling Approach
Rosas, E., Martins, F., & Janeiro, J. (2021) · Journal of Marine Science and Engineering · doi:10.3390/jmse9040412 · Cited by 22
“The hydrodynamic results produced by SOMA reveal a good agreement between sea surface temperature (SST) features, presenting the major features observed from space and described in several previous studies [16,17,32,33].”
BackgroundMethodThe Canary/Iberia Current Upwelling System
Kämpf, J., & Chapman, P. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-42524-5_6 · Cited by 21
Balestra, B., Grunert, P., Ausín, B., et al. (2017) · Journal of Marine Systems · doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2017.01.005 · Cited by 21
“The latter is even more relevant during summer and fall when an upwelling filament extending eastward from Cape Sines further stimulates primary productivity (Relvas and Barton, 2002).”
BackgroundNearshore sediment transport: Coupling sand tracer dynamics with oceanographic forcing
Bosnic, I., Cascalho, J., Taborda, R., et al. (2017) · Marine Geology · doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2017.02.004 · Cited by 21
Validation of Sentinel-3A SRAL Coastal Sea Level Data at High Posting Rate: 80 Hz
Aldarias, A., Gómez-Enri, J., Laiz, I., et al. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing · doi:10.1109/tgrs.2019.2957649 · Cited by 21
“The GoC surface circulation is characterized by a strong seasonality that is linked to the offshore circulation: some authors proposed the existence of a mesoscale cyclonic cell over the eastern continental shelf during spring–summer [24], [25], its northern part being a warm coastal countercurrent [26], [27].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Relvas, P., & Barton, E. D.
- Affiliations
- Centro de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (PT)
- University of Wales (GB)
- Venue
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans
- Publisher
- American Geophysical Union (AGU)
- Published
- 2002-10
- Volume
- 107
- Issue
- C10
- ISSN
- 0148-0227 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2103400039
- Semantic Scholar
- 73db4a5cf980d3744807b4a7e0d1947b5c6ded17
- Cited by
- 205
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 2.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres (publishedVersion)
- DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- University of Dundee
- Natural Environment Research Council
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Earth-Surface Processes › Coastal and Marine Dynamics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations
- Keywords
- coastal upwelling, cold filaments, alongshore pressure gradient, wind forcing, sea surface temperature, sea level, shelf break, Iberian Peninsula coast
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