The DOI matches its Crossref record; 20 of the 20 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The two types of ENSO in CMIP5 models
Open accessAbstract
In this study, we evaluate the intensity of the Central‐Pacific (CP) and Eastern‐Pacific (EP) types of El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) simulated in the pre‐industrial, historical, and the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 4.5 experiments of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). Compared to the CMIP3 models, the pre‐industrial simulations of the CMIP5 models are found to (1) better simulate the observed spatial patterns of the two types of ENSO and (2) have a significantly smaller inter‐model diversity in ENSO intensities. The decrease in the CMIP5 model discrepancies is particularly obvious in the simulation of the EP ENSO intensity, although it is still more difficult for the models to reproduce the observed EP ENSO intensity than the observed CP ENSO intensity. Ensemble means of the CMIP5 models indicate that the intensity of the CP ENSO increases steadily from the pre‐industrial to the historical and the RCP4.5 simulations, but the intensity of the EP ENSO increases from the pre‐industrial to the historical simulations and then decreases in the RCP4.5 projections. The CP‐to‐EP ENSO intensity ratio, as a result, is almost the same in the pre‐industrial and historical simulations but increases in the RCP4.5 simulation.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
An Overview of CMIP5 and the Experiment Design
Taylor, K. E., Stouffer, R. J., & Meehl, G. A. (2012) · Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society · doi:10.1175/bams-d-11-00094.1 · Cited by 14,052
THE WCRP CMIP3 Multimodel Dataset: A New Era in Climate Change Research
Meehl, G. A., Covey, C., Delworth, T., Latif, M., McAvaney, B., Mitchell, J. F. B., Stouffer, R. J., & Taylor, K. E. (2007) · Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society · doi:10.1175/bams-88-9-1383 · Cited by 2,826
El Niño Modoki and its possible teleconnection
Ashok, K., Behera, S. K., Rao, S. A., Weng, H., & Yamagata, T. (2007) · Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans · doi:10.1029/2006jc003798 · Cited by 2,721
Contrasting Eastern-Pacific and Central-Pacific Types of ENSO
Kao, H.-Y., & Yu, J.-Y. (2009) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/2008jcli2309.1 · Cited by 1,695
Self-citationTwo Types of El Niño Events: Cold Tongue El Niño and Warm Pool El Niño
Kug, J.-S., Jin, F.-F., & An, S.-I. (2009) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/2008jcli2624.1 · Cited by 1,426
Trenberth, K. E., & Stepaniak, D. P. (2001) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<1697:lioeno>2.0.co;2 · Cited by 964
Increasing intensity of El Niño in the central‐equatorial Pacific
Lee, T., & McPhaden, M. J. (2010) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2010gl044007 · Cited by 767
On the definition of El Niño and associated seasonal average U.S. weather anomalies
Larkin, N. K., & Harrison, D. E. (2005) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2005gl022738 · Cited by 583
Winter warming in West Antarctica caused by central tropical Pacific warming
Ding, Q., Steig, E. J., Battisti, D. S., & Küttel, M. (2011) · Nature Geoscience · doi:10.1038/ngeo1129 · Cited by 429
Impact of Shifting Patterns of Pacific Ocean Warming on North Atlantic Tropical Cyclones
Kim, H.-M., Webster, & Curry, J. A. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1174062 · Cited by 383
Cited by
Capotondi, A., Wittenberg, A. T., Newman, M., Di Lorenzo, E., Yu, J.-Y., Braconnot, P., Cole, J., Dewitte, B., Giese, B., Guilyardi, E., et al. (2015) · Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society · doi:10.1175/bams-d-13-00117.1 · Cited by 1,073
Self-citationIncreased variability of eastern Pacific El Niño under greenhouse warming
Cai, W., Wang, G., Dewitte, B., Wu, L., Santoso, A., Takahashi, K., Yang, Y., Carréric, A., & McPhaden, M. J. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0776-9 · Cited by 642
The Defining Characteristics of ENSO Extremes and the Strong 2015/2016 El Niño
Santoso, A., Mcphaden, M. J., & Cai, W. (2017) · Reviews of Geophysics · doi:10.1002/2017rg000560 · Cited by 549
The changing impact of El Niño on US winter temperatures
Yu, J., Zou, Y., Kim, S. T., & Lee, T. (2012) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2012gl052483 · Cited by 314
Self-citationJones, G. S., Stott, P. A., & Christidis, N. (2013) · Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres · doi:10.1002/jgrd.50239 · Cited by 257
Metadata
- Authors
- Kim, S. T., & Yu, J.
- Venue
- Geophysical Research Letters
- Publisher
- American Geophysical Union (AGU)
- Published
- 2012-06
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 11
- ISSN
- 0094-8276 (ISSN-L)
- 1944-8007
- OpenAlex
- W1558506671
- Cited by
- 266
- References
- 20
- FWCI
- 21.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The two types of ENSO in CMIP5 models. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1029/2012gl052006
- The paper
- Kim, S. T., & Yu, J. (2012). The two types of ENSO in CMIP5 models. Geophysical Research Letters. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012gl052006
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
