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Cited by 246Atmospheric chemistry and aerosolsAtmospheric aerosols and cloudsAtmospheric Ozone and Climate

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Climate Forcing and Trends of Organic Aerosols in the Community Earth System Model (CESM2)

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Tilmes, S., Hodzic, A., Emmons, L. K., Mills, M. J., Gettelman, A., Kinnison, D. E., Park, M., Lamarque, J.‐F., Vitt, F., Shrivastava, M., Campuzano‐Jost, P., Jimenez, J. L., Liu, X.·2019·Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems
DOI 10.1029/2019ms001827
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Abstract

The Community Earth System Model version 2 (CESM2) includes three main atmospheric configurations: the Community Atmosphere Model version 6 (CAM6) with simplified chemistry and a simplified organic aerosol (OA) scheme, CAM6 with comprehensive tropospheric and stratospheric chemistry representation (CAM6‐chem), and the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model version 6 (WACCM6). Both, CAM6‐chem and WACCM6 include a more comprehensive secondary organic aerosols (SOA) approach using the Volatility Basis Set (VBS) scheme and prognostic stratospheric aerosols. This paper describes the different OA schemes available in the different atmospheric configurations of CESM2 and discusses differences in aerosol burden and resulting climate forcings. Derived OA burden and trends differ due to differences in OA formation using the different approaches. Regional differences in Aerosol Optical Depth with larger values using the comprehensive approach occur over SOA source regions. Stronger increasing SOA trends between 1960 and 2015 in WACCM6 compared to CAM6 are due to increasing biogenic emissions aligned with increasing surface temperatures. Using the comprehensive SOA approach further leads to improved comparisons to aircraft observations and SOA formation of ≈143 Tg/yr. We further use WACCM6 to identify source contributions of OA from biogenic, fossil fuel, and biomass burning emissions, to quantify SOA amounts and trends from these sources. Increasing SOA trends between 1960 and 2015 are the result of increasing biogenic emissions aligned with increasing surface temperatures. Biogenic emissions are at least two thirds of the total SOA burden. In addition, SOA source contributions from fossil fuel emissions become more important, with largest values over Southeast Asia. The estimated total anthropogenic forcing of OA in WACCM6 for 1995–2010 conditions is −0.43 W/m 2, mostly from the aerosol direct effect.

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Figures

Figure 1 Annually and globally averaged aerosol burden for simulations (see legend, and Table 2), SOA (top left), SO 4 only for altitudes below 500 hPa (top right), POM (middle left), BC (middle right), dust (bottom left), and sea salt (bottom right).
Figure 1 Annually and globally averaged aerosol burden for simulations (see legend, and Table 2), SOA (top left), SO 4 only for altitudes below 500 hPa (top right), POM (middle left), BC (middle right), dust (bottom left), and sea salt (bottom right).CC-BY · From the PDF
Image 2
CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 2 Secondary (SOA) zonal and annual mean distribution for WACCM6-SOAG (left) and WACCM6-VBSext (right), averaged over 10 years for preindustrial conditions (top) and between 1995 and 2010 (bottom).
Figure 2 Secondary (SOA) zonal and annual mean distribution for WACCM6-SOAG (left) and WACCM6-VBSext (right), averaged over 10 years for preindustrial conditions (top) and between 1995 and 2010 (bottom).CC-BY · From the PDF
Image 4
CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 3 As in Figure 2 but instead for primary organic matter (POM).
Figure 3 As in Figure 2 but instead for primary organic matter (POM).CC-BY · From the PDF
Image 6
CC-BY · From the PDF
Image 7
CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 4 Annual averaged SOA burden within the lowest 5 km of the model for preindustrial conditions (left) and present day (right), and for WACCM6-SOAG (top panels) and WACCM6-VBSext (middle panels). (bottom panels) Differences between WACCM6-SOAG and WACCM6-VBSext.
Figure 4 Annual averaged SOA burden within the lowest 5 km of the model for preindustrial conditions (left) and present day (right), and for WACCM6-SOAG (top panels) and WACCM6-VBSext (middle panels). (bottom panels) Differences between WACCM6-SOAG and WACCM6-VBSext.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 5 Differences of annual averaged POM (top) and BC (bottom) burden below 5 km between WACCM6-SOAG and WACCM6-VBSext. Left panels show the accumulation mode burden differences, right panels show differences of the primary carbon mode.
Figure 5 Differences of annual averaged POM (top) and BC (bottom) burden below 5 km between WACCM6-SOAG and WACCM6-VBSext. Left panels show the accumulation mode burden differences, right panels show differences of the primary carbon mode.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 6 Differences between WACCM6-SOAG and WACCM6-VBSext for the period 1995-2010, for Aerosol Optical Depth (top), Cloud Condensation Nuclei (middle) and Short-Wave Cloud Forcing (bottom).
Figure 6 Differences between WACCM6-SOAG and WACCM6-VBSext for the period 1995-2010, for Aerosol Optical Depth (top), Cloud Condensation Nuclei (middle) and Short-Wave Cloud Forcing (bottom).CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 7 Differences between WACCM6-SC and WACCM6-VBSext for the period 1995-2010, for aerosol optical depth (top), cloud condensation nuclei (middle), and short-wave cloud forcing (bottom).
Figure 7 Differences between WACCM6-SC and WACCM6-VBSext for the period 1995-2010, for aerosol optical depth (top), cloud condensation nuclei (middle), and short-wave cloud forcing (bottom).CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 8 Comparison of regional-averaged OA vertical profiles from ATom 1 measurements (black lines with open circles) with two specified dynamics (SD) WACCM6 configuration, SD WACCM6-VBSext (red lines), and SD WACCM6-SOAG (purple lines), indicated in the legend as CESM2, VBS, and CESM2, no VBS. Contributions from different sources for POM and SOA in the model are indicated by different colors, fossil fuel for POM (blue), biomass burning for POM (brown), biomass burning for SOA (light brown), biogenic for SOA (green), and fossil fuel for SOA (gray). Model results were interpolated to the flight track of the observations and averaged over the same region.
Figure 8 Comparison of regional-averaged OA vertical profiles from ATom 1 measurements (black lines with open circles) with two specified dynamics (SD) WACCM6 configuration, SD WACCM6-VBSext (red lines), and SD WACCM6-SOAG (purple lines), indicated in the legend as CESM2, VBS, and CESM2, no VBS. Contributions from different sources for POM and SOA in the model are indicated by different colors, fossil fuel for POM (blue), biomass burning for POM (brown), biomass burning for SOA (light brown), biogenic for SOA (green), and fossil fuel for SOA (gray). Model results were interpolated to the flight track of the observations and averaged over the same region.CC-BY · From the PDF
Image 13
CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 9 As in Figure 12, but for ATom 2 instead.
Figure 9 As in Figure 12, but for ATom 2 instead.CC-BY · From the PDF
Image 15
CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 10 (left panel) Annual and global averages of total SOA burden (black) and SOA burden from different precursor sources, including biogenic (green), fossil fuel (brown), and biomass burning (red), between 1960 and 2014 derived using WACCM6-VBSext. (right panel) SOA precursor VOC emissions (in Tg/yr) of anthropogenic sources (brown), biomass buring sources (red), and biogenic sources (green and orange).
Figure 10 (left panel) Annual and global averages of total SOA burden (black) and SOA burden from different precursor sources, including biogenic (green), fossil fuel (brown), and biomass burning (red), between 1960 and 2014 derived using WACCM6-VBSext. (right panel) SOA precursor VOC emissions (in Tg/yr) of anthropogenic sources (brown), biomass buring sources (red), and biogenic sources (green and orange).CC-BY · From the PDF
Image 17
CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 11 Annual averages of total SOA burden within the lowest 5 km of the model for WACCM6-VBSext (top panel). The lower three panels show SOA burden contributions produced by precursor emissions from biomass burning (second panel), biogenic (third panel), and fossil fuel (fourth panel). The global total SOA burden for the entire column is given on the top left of each panel, the total burden below 5 km is shown in brackets. Regional areas of interest as discussed below are marked by black squares.
Figure 11 Annual averages of total SOA burden within the lowest 5 km of the model for WACCM6-VBSext (top panel). The lower three panels show SOA burden contributions produced by precursor emissions from biomass burning (second panel), biogenic (third panel), and fossil fuel (fourth panel). The global total SOA burden for the entire column is given on the top left of each panel, the total burden below 5 km is shown in brackets. Regional areas of interest as discussed below are marked by black squares.CC-BY · From the PDF
Image 19
CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 12 Annual averages of total POM burden within the lowest 5 km of the model for WACCM6-VBSext (top panel). The lower two panels show POM burden contributions produced by precursor emissions from biomass burning (second panel) and fossil fuel (third panel). The global total POM burden for the entire column is given on the top left of each panel, the total burden below 5 km is shown in brackets.
Figure 12 Annual averages of total POM burden within the lowest 5 km of the model for WACCM6-VBSext (top panel). The lower two panels show POM burden contributions produced by precursor emissions from biomass burning (second panel) and fossil fuel (third panel). The global total POM burden for the entire column is given on the top left of each panel, the total burden below 5 km is shown in brackets.CC-BY · From the PDF
Image 21
CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 13 Annually averaged total SOA burden (black), and SOA burden from separate precursor sources, including biogenic (green), fossil fuel (brown), and biomass burning (red), averaged over six regions as indicated in Figure 8, between 1960 and 2014 derived using WACCM6-VBSext.
Figure 13 Annually averaged total SOA burden (black), and SOA burden from separate precursor sources, including biogenic (green), fossil fuel (brown), and biomass burning (red), averaged over six regions as indicated in Figure 8, between 1960 and 2014 derived using WACCM6-VBSext.CC-BY · From the PDF
Image 23
CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure A2. As in Figure 8 but comparing BC instead of POM and SOA. WACCM6-VBSext results are shown as solid colored lines, WACCM6-SOAG results are shown as dashed lines.
Figure A2. As in Figure 8 but comparing BC instead of POM and SOA. WACCM6-VBSext results are shown as solid colored lines, WACCM6-SOAG results are shown as dashed lines.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure A3. As in Figure A2 but for ATom 2 instead.
Figure A3. As in Figure A2 but for ATom 2 instead.CC-BY · From the PDF

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Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. 10.1021/es950943 · DOI
  2. 10.5194/acp-2019-331 · DOI
  3. Wofsy S., 2018, ATom: Merged atmospheric chemistry

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Metadata

Authors
Tilmes, S., Hodzic, A., Emmons, L. K., Mills, M. J., Gettelman, A., Kinnison, D. E., Park, M., Lamarque, J. ‐., Vitt, F., Shrivastava, M., Campuzano‐Jost, P., Jimenez, J. L., & Liu, X.
Affiliations
  • NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research (US)
  • Atmospheric Chemistry, Observations and Modeling Laboratory National Center for Atmospheric Research Boulder CO USA
  • Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (US)
  • Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (US)
  • University of Wyoming (US)
Corresponding author
Tilmes, S.
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems
Publisher
American Geophysical Union (AGU)
Published
2019-12
Volume
11
Issue
12
Pages
4323-4351
ISSN
1942-2466 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1029/2019ms001827
OpenAlex
W2995367207
Cited by
246
References
59
Citations by year
2026: 19 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 65 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 1
FWCI
9.12
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • CU Scholar (University of Colorado Boulder) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • NOAA Institutional Repository (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Atmospheric aerosols and clouds
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Atmospheric Ozone and Climate
Keywords
secondary organic aerosol, organic aerosol, radiative forcing, aerosol trends, CESM2, WACCM6, volatility basis set, aerosol optical depth, biogenic emissions, fossil fuel emissions, biomass burning emissions, aerosol direct effect, stratospheric aerosols, aerosol source apportionment

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