Impact of Hydrostratigraphic Continuity on Brine‐to‐Freshwater Interface Dynamics: Implications From a Two‐Dimensional Parametric Study in an Arid and Endorheic Basin
Abstract
Despite the prevalence of density‐dependent flow systems in the brine‐rich aquifers of arid climates and coastal aquifers, the impact of realistic geologic conditions on interface geometry and density‐dependent time‐sensitive dynamics remains poorly constrained. Salar de Atacama provides an analog for exploring interface dynamics in arid regions. A site‐specific two‐dimensional hydrostratigraphic interpretation is used to examine the dynamics of the brine‐to‐freshwater interface. With the same simulation framework and core data, a separate parametric series of hydraulic conductivity distributions with varying horizontal continuity provides a mechanistic explanation for observed dynamics. Comparing modeled interfaces and their sensitivity to perturbations in recharge in each realization yields insight into interface dynamics coupled with horizontal continuity in subsurface heterogeneity. Recharge fluctuation is introduced to each distribution following the interface reaching a dynamic steady state. Metrics for results evaluation include interface slope geometry, interface width, migration length, and response rate. Analyses suggest that the average slope of the modeled interface shallows by 0.01 and 0.05 m ⋅ m −1 for an increase in continuity of highly permeable pathways by a factor of two and three, respectively. Increasing continuity also increases the overall response times and the variability in response. Results indicate that accurate representations of transient dynamics…
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The connection between the nucleus and the lagoons has been studied extensively in the Salar de Atacama.
“Whilst the connection between the nucleus and the lagoons has been studied extensively in the Salar de Atacama (e.g. (Marazuela et al. 2019; Boutt et al. 2021; McKnight, Boutt et al. 2021)”
From The impacts of environmental, social and governance (ESG) issues in achieving sustainable lithium supply in the Lithium Triangle (2022) · cites this paper as McKnight, Boutt et al. 2021
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Zhao, J., Yuan, X., He, H., Li, G., Zhang, Q., Wang, Q., Gu, Z., Guan, C., & Cao, G. (2025) · Water · doi:10.3390/w17131943
Subsurface Temperature Distributions Constrain Groundwater Flow in Salar Marginal Environments
Boutt, D. F., Huba, J. C., Munk, L., & Butler, K. L. (2026) · Hydrology · doi:10.3390/hydrology13010032
Self-citationToro, N., Madrid, F. M. G., Salazar, I., Leiva, W. H., Sepúlveda, R., Guzmán, A., MEZA, E., & Castillo, J. (2026) · Minerals · doi:10.3390/min16111118
- Authors
- McKnight, S. V., Boutt, D. F., & Munk, L. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Massachusetts Amherst (US)
- University of Alaska Anchorage (US)
- Corresponding author
- McKnight, S. V.
- Venue
- Water Resources Research
- Publisher
- American Geophysical Union (AGU)
- Published
- 2021-04
- Volume
- 57
- Issue
- 4
- ISSN
- 0043-1397 (ISSN-L)
- 1944-7973
- OpenAlex
- W3039047400
- Cited by
- 22
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 2
- FWCI
- 1.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Water Resources Research (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (EAR1443226)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Groundwater flow and contamination studies
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Groundwater and Isotope Geochemistry
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Water Quality and Resources Studies
- Keywords
- density-dependent flow, subsurface heterogeneity, hydraulic conductivity distribution, saltwater intrusion, interfacial dynamics, Salar de Atacama, response time, interface width
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