Geochemistry of evaporitic lacustrine deposits
Abstract
Carbonatites are igneous rocks formed in the crust by fractional crystallization of carbonate-rich parental melts that are mostly mantle derived. They dominantly consist of carbonate minerals such as calcite, dolomite, and ankerite, as well as minor ...Read More
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A typical feature of evolved and highly saline waters is a composition marked by the presence of Cl- and SO4 2-, and a depletion in CO3 2-/HCO3-.
“A typical feature of evolved (evaporated) and highly saline waters is a composition marked by the presence of Cl -and SO 4 2-, and a depletion in CO 3 2-/HCO 3 - (Langbein, 1961;Hardie and Eugster, 1970;Eugster, 1980).”
From Brine grades in Andean salars: When basin size matters A review of the Lithium Triangle (2021) · cites this paper as Eugster, 1980
Brines concentrate as evaporation (i.e., water loss) induces salt precipitation.
“Brines concentrate as evaporation (i.e., water loss) induces salt precipitation (Eugster, 1980;Munk et al., 2018).”
From Chemical and isotopic features of Li-rich brines from the Salar de Olaroz, Central Andes of NW Argentina (2020) · cites this paper as Eugster, 1980
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Ehlmann, B. L., Mustard, J. F., Swayze, G. A., Clark, R. N., Bishop, J. L., Poulet, F., Des Marais, D. J., Roach, L. H., Milliken, R. E., Wray, J. J., et al. (2009) · Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets · doi:10.1029/2009je003339 · Cited by 705 · see citing works
“In particular, the most common environments for analcime are highly alkaline lake waters [Eugster, 1980], weathering of tephra [Sheppard and Hay, 2001], and hydrothermal circulation < 200 C as has been extensively studied for Icelandic basalts and Massif Central in France [e.”
BackgroundEvaporites through time: tectonic, climatic and eustatic controls in marine and nonmarine deposits
Warren, J. K. (2010) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2009.11.004 · Cited by 660 · see citing works
Viviano, C. E., Seelos, F. P., Murchie, S. L., Kahn, E. G., Seelos, K. D., Taylor, H. W., Taylor, K., Ehlmann, B. L., Wiseman, S. M., Mustard, J. F., et al. (2014) · Journal of Geophysical Research Planets · doi:10.1002/2014je004627 · Cited by 466 · see citing works
“Zeolites Zeolites originate in a variety of environments, including in alkaline waters, as alteration products of volcanic glasses, and in low-temperature hydrothermal environments [Eugster, 1980; Sheppard and Hay, 2001; Weisenberger and Selbekk, 2008].”
BackgroundEuropa's Crust and Ocean: Origin, Composition, and the Prospects for Life
Kargel, J. S., Kaye, J. Z., Head, J. W., III, Marion, G. M., Sassen, R., Crowley, J. K., Ballesteros, O. P., Grant, S. A., & Hogenboom, D. L. (2000) · Icarus · doi:10.1006/icar.2000.6471 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
“In both plots dots are closed-basin brines (data from Eugster 1980). to take a first-order look at how a carbonaceous chondrite precursor could also yield a dense core potentially satisfying the Galileo gravity data.”
BackgroundDill, H. G. (2009) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2009.10.011 · Cited by 431 · see citing works
Brine volcanism and the interior structures of asteroids and icy satellites
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“Low-Mg calcite precipitates initially with evaporation of pan waters, followed by high-Mg calcite as the pan water Mg/Ca ion ratio increases (Eugster, 1980).”
BackgroundGeochemistry of Evaporites and Evolution of Seawater
Bąbel, M., & Schreiber, B. (2014) · Treatise on Geochemistry · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-095975-7.00718-x · Cited by 190 · see citing works
“Recently, Krupp (2005) presented the concept of large-scale KCl-rich deposition of marine salts similar to the idea of mineral ‘fractionation mechanism’ (Eugster, 1980).”
BackgroundMethodNitrogen isotope evidence for alkaline lakes on late Archean continents
Stüeken, E. E., Buick, R., & Schauer, A. J. (2014) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2014.11.037 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
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“In lacustrine environments, the common mineral assemblage is clinoptilolite, erionite, analcime, and Na- and borosilicates (e.g. Eugster, 1980).”
BackgroundChemical divides and evaporite assemblages on Mars
Tosca, N. J., & McLennan, S. M. (2006) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.10.021 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
“Of the numerous applications on Earth, chemical divides have been used to interpret the evolution of seawater composition over geologic time [30,31] as well as the geochemical evolution of countless lacustrine deposits [9,13].”
BackgroundChemical and boron isotope compositions of non-marine brines from the Qaidam Basin, Qinghai, China
Vengosh, A., Chivas, A. R., Starinsky, A., et al. (1995) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/0009-2541(94)00118-r · Cited by 146 · see citing works
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Boron isotope geochemistry of Australian salt lakes
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Classification and analysis of candidate impact crater-hosted closed-basin lakes on Mars
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“Authigenic alteration mineral formation is common on Earth within highly saline and alkaline lakes (e.g., Jones and Weir, 1983; Jones, 1986; Deocampo et al., 2009; Bristow and Milliken, 2011), conditions typical of hydrologically closed basins (e.g., Jones and Van Denburgh, 1966; Eugster and Hardie, 1978; Eugster and…”
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Lithium Brines: A Global Perspective
Munk, L. A., Hynek, S. A., Bradley, D. C., Boutt, D., Labay, K., & Jochens, H. (2016) · Rare Earth and Critical Elements in Ore Deposits · doi:10.5382/rev.18.14 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
“The composition of the source rocks, inflow waters, and the resulting brine composition dictate how the brine will evolve once it undergoes evaporation and mineral precipitation (Eugster, 1980).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBrine-driven destruction of clay minerals in Gale crater, Mars
Bristow, T. F., Grotzinger, J. P., Rampe, E. B., et al. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abg5449 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
“The area to the left of the dashed line represents silica depletion characteristic of neutral brines below Earth playa lakes (46, 47, 79).”
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Mapping playa evaporite minerals with AVIRIS data: A first report from death valley, California
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Quaternary evaporites and hydrological changes, Lake Tyrrell, North‐West Victoria
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Lithium Brines: Origin, Characteristics, and Global Distribution
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Modern sedimentation and hydrology in Lake Tyrrell, Victoria
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“Brines in a spectrum of closed-basin settings can be enriched in potassium chloride (KCl), calcium chloride (CaCl2), bromine (Br), and iodine (I) (Warren, 2010)—the differences reflecting bedrock chemistry (Eugster, 1980) and perhaps also hydrothermal contributions.”
BackgroundMercedes‐Martín, R., Ayora, C., Tritlla, J., & Sánchez‐Román, M. (2019) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.102938 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Brine grades in Andean salars: When basin size matters A review of the Lithium Triangle
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Evaporites, brines and base metals: Fluids, flow and ‘the evaporite that was’
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“This progression of calcite to dolomite to gypsum is indicative of fractional crystallization of minerals by evaporative enrichment (Eugster, 1980).”
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Crystal fabrics and microbiota in large pisoliths from Laguna Pastos Grandes, Bolivia
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Mineral precipitation and diagenesis in the sediments of the Lake Bogoria basin, Kenya Rift Valley
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Lacustrine paleochemical interpretations based on Eastern and Southern african ostracodes
Cohen, A. S., Dussinger, R. A., & Richardson, J. (1983) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/0031-0182(83)90051-2 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“Most Eastern African waters are enriched in Na ÷, CO~- + HCO~, and CI-, probably due to weathering of their alkaline volcanic-bearing watersheds and to arid climate fractionation processes in their feeder streams ( Eugster, 1980 ).”
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Rapid Recharge of Fresh Water to the Halite-Hosted Brine Aquifer of Salar de Atacama, Chile
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“Subaerial evaporitic basins are hydrologically closed or restricted (i.e., the rate of evaporation must exceed inflow), a condition that is met particularly in arid to semiarid climates ( Eugster, 1980 ).”
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“Endorheic basins are topographically closed with a negative annual water balance; these systems often develop salars (salt pans) at their floors (Eugster, 1980; Rosen, 1994).”
BackgroundThe hydrochemistry of a semi-arid pan basin case study: Sua Pan, Makgadikgadi, Botswana
Eckardt, F. D., Bryant, R. G., McCulloch, G. P., Spiro, B. F., & Wood, W. W. (2008) · Applied Geochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2007.12.033 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“The Brine Type expression (e.g. Eugster, 1980) was initially determined by listing the major ions in order from highest concentration to lowest concentration, with cations listed first and anions listed second.”
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“Although meteoric water contains small amounts of most of the main solutes (Eugster 1980), these are negligible com-”
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“The assemblage of minerals precipitated in the final stages of brine evaporation is dependent on the initial solution chemistry (Eugster, 1980), and can be divided into the MgSO4-poor potash evaporites group and the MgSO4-rich potash evaporite group (Hardie, 1991).”
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The SALT NORM : a quantitative chemical-mineralogical characterization of natural waters
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“Comparison and study of both marine and non-marine evaporite deposits have demonstrated some striking differences in the associated salt mineral assemblage (Stewart, 1963; Braitsch, 1971; Jones, 1970; Eugster, 1980; Sonnenfeld, 1984), that commonly are indicative of both lithologic origin and subsequent geochemical ev…”
BackgroundRecovery of salt co-products during the salt production from brine
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“…la productividad del lago permitiendo el consumo biológico de CO2, lo cual resulta en un aumento del pH. Por otro lado, durante el verano la precipitación de carbonato de calcio produce la acumulación de láminas de carbonato de milímetros de grosor (Kelts y Hsü, 1978; Eugster, 1980; Boyle, 2001).”
BackgroundRenaut, R. W. (1990) · Hydrobiologia · doi:10.1007/bf00026939 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Groundwater normally fluctuates within a metre of the surface where crusts form, and most precipitation can be attributed to capillary evaporation ( Eugster, 1980 ), together with that produced by evaporation of receding lake waters during summer.”
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“Lithium (Li) and boron (B) in brine and borate minerals are of economic interest, but play no or no major role in the formation of the thick evaporite deposits (e.g. seminal work summarised in Hardie and Eugster 1970; Eugster 1980; Warren 2010).”
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Origin and evolution of major salts in the Darling pans, Western Cape, South Africa
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“The removal of Ca from the brine results in an increasing Mg:Ca ratio of the brine and, as a result, calcite precipitating from brines evolves from low to high-Mg calcite ( Eugster, 1980; Drever, 1997).”
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“may be more complex than presented here (Eugster, 1980), it appears that the evolution of Lake Qarun brine from dilute Nile water progresses via path I”
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“…silt, and sand), chemical composition of groundwater, and, especially in the case of closed hydrological systems, the composition of the surrounding (and underlying) lithologies (Eugster, 1980) that may largely contribute to salts geochemistry as a consequence of their leaching and alteration.”
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“In the GRF, the authigenic analcime is interpreted to have formed at the lake margin from water that is slightly less alkaline than that in the central lake where authigenic feldspar is formed (Eugster, 1980).”
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“The solution then evolves along a new pathway until the next mineral reaches saturation, and a new chemical divide (turning point) is established (Hardie and Eugster, 1970; Eugster, 1980).”
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“In the evaporite-rich Stages III and IV, higher basinal salinity would have promoted chemical and redox stratification of the lake (Eugster, 1980).”
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“Some possible paths for the evaporation model of natural waters made by Hardie and Eugster (1970) and modified by Drever (1982).”
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“In almost of natural waters, the alkalinity is mainly expressed as HCO3 - (Eugster 1980; Eugster and Hardie 1978).”
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“In the advanced stages of evaporation, alkaline lake chemistry is dominated by varying proportions of SiO2(aq), Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl−, HCO3, CO3 and SO4, which can be predicted and evaluated using the “chemical divides” flow diagram of brine evolution [1,24,25].”
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“can form where volcanic rock and ash layers react with alkaline groundwater (Eugster, 1980; Sheppard & Hay, 2001; Weisenberger & Selbekk, 2009).”
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“Most evaporative salt lakes form in continental areas with arid climates, such as inland western North America, Australia, and Antarctica (Eugster 1980; Chivas et al. 1991; Gibson et al. 1991).”
BackgroundMather, C. C., Nash, D. J., Dogramaci, S., Grierson, P. F., & Skrzypek, G. (2019) · Earth Surface Processes and Landforms · doi:10.1002/esp.4704 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
A natron source at Pikrolimni Lake in Greece? Geochemical evidence
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“Eugster (1980) described in detail processes that can affect the concentration of alkalinity in groundwater: dissolution or precipitation of carbonateminerals, chemical weathering of silicates, redox reactions, especially the reduction of NO3− to NH4+ and SO42− to HS−, microbial respiration or…”
BackgroundMather, C. C., Lampinen, H., Tucker, M. E., Leopold, M., Dogramaci, S., Raven, M. D., & Gilkes, R. J. (2023) · Geobiology · doi:10.1111/gbi.12555 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
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“This results in the development of unique wetlands at their terminal areas where salt concentrations may reach 250 g L−1, and evaporite deposits called salars often form [7,8].”
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Salt crust mineralogy and geochemical evolution of the Salt Lake (Tuz Gölü), Turkey
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Chapter 6 Evaporites, Evaporitic Processes and Mineral Resources
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- Authors
- Eugster, H. P.
- Corresponding author
- Eugster, H P
- Venue
- Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 1980-05
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 35-63
- ISSN
- 0084-6597 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-4495
- OpenAlex
- W2175368274
- Cited by
- 211
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 2.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Geochemistry and Elemental Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Groundwater and Isotope Geochemistry
- Keywords
- evaporite geochemistry, carbonatites, carbonate minerals, calcite, dolomite, ankerite, fractional crystallization, mantle-derived magma
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