The DOI matches its Crossref record.
What is a geomagnetic storm?
Abstract
After a brief review of magnetospheric and interplanetary phenomena for intervals with enhanced solar wind‐magnetosphere interaction, an attempt is made to define a geomagnetic storm as an interval of time when a sufficiently intense and long‐lasting interplanetary convection electric field leads, through a substantial energization in the magnetosphere‐ionosphere system, to an intensified ring current sufficiently strong to exceed some key threshold of the quantifying storm time Dst index. The associated storm/substorm relationship problem is also reviewed. Although the physics of this relationship does not seem to be fully understood at this time, basic and fairly well established mechanisms of this relationship are presented and discussed. Finally, toward the advancement of geomagnetic storm research, some recommendations are given concerning future improvements in monitoring existing geomagnetic indices as well as the solar wind near Earth.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cited by
Interplanetary origin of geomagnetic storms
Gonzalez, W. D., Tsurutani, B. T., & Clúa de Gonzalez, A. L. (1999) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1023/a:1005160129098 · Cited by 688
Self-citationThe economic impact of space weather: where do we stand?
Eastwood, J. P., Biffis, E., Hapgood, M. A., Green, L., Bisi, M. M., Bentley, R. D., Wicks, R., McKinnell, L. ‐., Gibbs, M., & Burnett, C. (2017) · Risk Analysis · doi:10.1111/risa.12765 · Cited by 310
Extreme geomagnetic storms: Probabilistic forecasts and their uncertainties
Riley, P., & Love, J. J. (2017) · Space Weather · doi:10.1002/2016sw001470 · Cited by 98
Yang, Z., Morton, Y. T. J., Zakharenkova, I., Cherniak, I., Song, S., & Li, W. (2020) · Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics · doi:10.1029/2019ja027681 · Cited by 92
Luo, X., Gu, S., Lou, Y., Xiong, C., Chen, B., & Jin, X. (2018) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s18061784 · Cited by 78
Metadata
- Authors
- Gonzalez, W. D., Joselyn, J. A., Kamide, Y., Kroehl, H. W., Rostoker, G., Tsurutani, B. T., & Vasyliunas, V. M.
- Venue
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics
- Publisher
- American Geophysical Union (AGU)
- Published
- 1994-04
- Volume
- 99
- Issue
- A4
- Pages
- 5771-5792
- ISSN
- 0148-0227 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1998983070
- Cited by
- 2,490
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 26.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: What is a geomagnetic storm? https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1029/93ja02867
- The paper
- Gonzalez, W. D., Joselyn, J. A., Kamide, Y., Kroehl, H. W., Rostoker, G., Tsurutani, B. T., & Vasyliunas, V. M. (1994). What is a geomagnetic storm? Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. https://doi.org/10.1029/93ja02867
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
