Cited by 268Geochemistry and Elemental AnalysisGeological and Geochemical AnalysisGeological and Geophysical Studies

Deducing patterns of fluid flow and mixing within the TAG active hydrothermal mound using mineralogical and geochemical data.

Tivey, Margaret Kingston, Humphris, Susan E., Thompson, Geoffrey, Hannington, Mark D., Rona, Peter A.·1995·Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth

Abstract

The TAG active hydrothermal mound, located 2.4 km east of the neovolcanic zone at 26°N, Mid‐Atlantic Ridge, is −200 m in diameter, exhibits 50 m of relief, and is covered entirely by hydrothermal precipitates. Eight different types of vent solids were recovered from the mound by the submersibles Alvin and Mir in 1986, 1990, and 1991. Detailed petrographic and geochemical studies of samples and their distribution are used to deduce patterns of fluid flow and seawater/hydrothermal fluid interaction. Geochemical modeling calculations using fluid composition data corroborate these interpretations. Current activity includes highly focused flow of 363°C fluid from a chimney cluster on the top of the mound and deposition of a high ƒS2‐ƒO2 mineral assemblage that reflects low concentrations of H2S in black smoker fluid. Slow percolation of black smoker fluid pooled beneath the black smoker cluster and entrainment of seawater result in formation of massive sulfide crusts and massive anhydrite. These three sample types are enriched in Co and Se. Blocks of sulfide and white smoker chimneys, enriched in Zn, Au, Ag, Sb, Cd, and Pb, are forming on the surface of the mound from black smoker fluid that has been modified by mixing with entrained seawater, precipitation of sulfides and anhydrite, and dissolution of sphalerite within the mound. This is the first time that on‐going remobilization, zone refinement, and significant modification of high‐temperature fluid in the near surface has been documented in a seafloor hydrothermal system. Deposits of ocherous material and massive sulfide with outer oxidized layers that formed during previous hydrothermal episodes are exposed on the steep outer walls of the mound. Studies of the full range of samples demonstrate that highly focused fluid flow, consequent seawater entrainment, and mixing within the mound can result in formation of a large seafloor hydrothermal deposit exhibiting sample types similar to those observed in Cyprus‐type ore bodies.

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Crossref · 10.1029/95jb00610

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Authors
Tivey, M. K., Humphris, S. E., Thompson, G., Hannington, M. D., & Rona, P. A.
Venue
Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
Published
1995-07-10
Volume
100
Issue
B7
Pages
12527-12555
ISSN
0148-0227 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2090562875
Cited by
268
References
55
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 7
FWCI
40.98
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres (publishedVersion)
  • Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) (acceptedVersion)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Geochemistry and Elemental Analysis
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geophysics › Geological and Geochemical Analysis
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geology › Geological and Geophysical Studies
Keywords
TAG hydrothermal mound, fluid flow, hydrothermal fluid mixing, black smoker chimneys, massive sulfide deposits, anhydrite, sulfide mineralogy, fluid geochemistry, geochemical modeling, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, neovolcanic zone, seafloor hydrothermal deposits

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