The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year; 0 of the 2 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Atmospheric Correction for the Troposphere and Stratosphere in Radio Ranging Satellites
Abstract
Since the barometer measures the weight of the overlying atmosphere, it follows by the law of Gladstone and Dale that the height integral ∫(n − 1)dr of the atmospheric refractivity for radio microwaves, taken from ground level up to the top of the stratosphere, is in a dry atmosphere directly proportional to ground pressure. The refractivity integral, therefore, can be determined without detailed knowledge of the height distribution of the refractive index, which not only simplifies the derivation of refraction formulas in which atmospheric models have been used hitherto, but also improves their accuracy. The range correction for troposphere and stratosphere to be subtracted from the observed microwave distance will be given by the formula Δs(meters) = 0.002277 sec z[p + (1255/T + 0.05)e − 1.16 tan2 z] where z is the zenith distance, p is the total barometric pressure and e is the partial pressure of water vapor, both in millibars, and T is the absolute temperature in degrees Kelvin.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The excess path caused by dry atmosphere can be accurately predicted from air pressure on the ground, height, and latitude of the station 63 .”
From Intercontinental comparison of optical atomic clocks through very long baseline interferometry (2021) · cites this paper as [63]
Citations
Cites
Resolution 1 of the 13th General Assembly
International Association of Geodesy (1963) · Bull. Geod.
UnresolvedThe physical theory of astronomical refraction (abstract
Saastamoinen (1970) · Eos Trans. AGU
Unresolved
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 2 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 1,000
PPP and Phase-only GPS Time and Frequency transfer
Defraigne, P., Bruyninx, C., & Guyennon, N. (2007) · Joint Conference of the European Frequency and Time Forum and IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium (EFTF/IFCS) · doi:10.1109/freq.2007.4319210 · Cited by 51
Nie, Z., Wang, B., Wang, Z., et al. (2020) · Journal of Geodesy · doi:10.1007/s00190-020-01411-6 · Cited by 51
Evaluation of Front Detection Methods for Satellite-Derived SST Data Using In Situ Observations
Ullman, D. S., & Cornillon, P. (2000) · Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology · doi:10.1175/1520-0426(2000)017 · Cited by 103
Determination of the spatial and temporal variation of tropospheric water vapour using CGPS networks
Troller, M., Geiger, A., Bröckmann, E., et al. (2006) · Geophysical Journal International · doi:10.1111/j.1365-246x.2006.03101.x · Cited by 50
Li, T., Wang, L., Chen, R., et al. (2021) · Journal of Geodesy · doi:10.1007/s00190-021-01478-9 · Cited by 50
Improving the Vertical Modeling of Tropospheric Delay
Wang, J., Balidakis, K., Zus, F., et al. (2022) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2021gl096732 · Cited by 49
The Implementation of Precise Point Positioning (PPP): A Comprehensive Review
Elsheikh, M., Iqbal, U., Noureldin, A. M., et al. (2023) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s23218874 · Cited by 49
Ray‐traced tropospheric delays in VLBI analysis
Nafisi, V., Madzak, M., Böhm, J., et al. (2012) · Radio Science · doi:10.1029/2011rs004918 · Cited by 49
Real-time kinematic PPP GPS for structure monitoring applied on the Severn Suspension Bridge, UK
Tang, X., Roberts, G. W., Li, X., et al. (2017) · Advances in Space Research · doi:10.1016/j.asr.2017.05.010 · Cited by 49
Shimada, S., & Bock, Y. (1992) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/92jb00809 · Cited by 49
Fernandes, M. J., Lázaro, C., Nunes, A. L., et al. (2010) · IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters · doi:10.1109/lgrs.2010.2042425 · Cited by 48
Absolute Calibration of Jason Radar Altimeters from GPS Kinematic Campaigns Over Lake Issykkul
Crétaux, J., Calmant, S., Romanovsky, V. V., et al. (2011) · Marine Geodesy · doi:10.1080/01490419.2011.585110 · Cited by 47
Sensitivity of GNSS tropospheric gradients to processing options
Kačmařík, M., Douša, J., Zus, F., et al. (2019) · Annales Geophysicae · doi:10.5194/angeo-37-429-2019 · Cited by 47
Low-Cost Real-Time PPP/INS Integration for Automated Land Vehicles
Elsheikh, M., Abdelfatah, W. F., Noureldin, A. M., et al. (2019) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s19224896 · Cited by 47
Estimation of Station Heights with GPS
Rothacher, M. (2002) · International Association of Geodesy symposia · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-04683-8_17 · Cited by 47
A synthetic geoid validation of Geosat mesoscale dynamic topography in the Gulf Stream region
Glenn, S., Porter, D. L., & Robinson, A. R. (1991) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/91jc00078 · Cited by 47
GPS Meteorology: Sliding-Window Analysis*
Foster, J. H., Bevis, M. G., & Businger, S. (2005) · Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology · doi:10.1175/jtech1717.1 · Cited by 46
Real-Time Water Vapor Maps from a GPS Surface Network: Construction, Validation, and Applications
de Haan, S., Holleman, I., & Holtslag, A. A. M. (2008) · Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology · doi:10.1175/2008jamc2024.1 · Cited by 46
Integrating multi-GNSS to improve the performance of precise point positioning
Pan, Z., Chai, H., & Kong, Y. (2017) · Advances in Space Research · doi:10.1016/j.asr.2017.01.014 · Cited by 46
Zhang, W., Lou, Y., Huang, J., et al. (2017) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/jcli-d-17-0419.1 · Cited by 46
Hourly PWV Dataset Derived from GNSS Observations in China
Zhao, Q., Yang, P., Yao, W., et al. (2019) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s20010231 · Cited by 46
Maltese, A., Pipitone, C., Dardanelli, G. G., et al. (2021) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs13081543 · Cited by 46
Predicting the Success Rate of Long-baseline GPS+Galileo (Partial) Ambiguity Resolution
Odijk, D., Arora, B. S., & Teunissen, P. J. G. (2014) · Journal of Navigation · doi:10.1017/s037346331400006x · Cited by 46
New constraints on Antarctic plate motion and deformation from GPS data
Bouin, M., & Vigny, C. (2000) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2000jb900285 · Cited by 46
Australia-first high-precision positioning results with new Japanese QZSS regional satellite system
Zaminpardaz, S., Wang, K., & Teunissen, P. J. G. (2018) · GPS Solutions · doi:10.1007/s10291-018-0763-5 · Cited by 45
Tropospheric delays from GNSS for application in coastal altimetry
Fernandes, M. J., Pires, N., Lázaro, C., et al. (2012) · Advances in Space Research · doi:10.1016/j.asr.2012.04.025 · Cited by 45
BeiDou Augmented Navigation from Low Earth Orbit Satellites
Su, M., Su, X., Zhao, Q., et al. (2019) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s19010198 · Cited by 45
Ocean Tides Modeling using Satellite Altimetry
Fok, H. S. (2012) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 44
Li, H., Wang, X., Wu, S., et al. (2021) · IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing · doi:10.1109/jstars.2021.3079699 · Cited by 44
Modeling of atmospheric effects on InSAR measurements by incorporating terrain elevation information
Li, Z., Ding, X. L., Huang, C., et al. (2006) · Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics · doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2006.03.002 · Cited by 44
Chen, B., Liu, Z., Wong, W.-K., et al. (2017) · Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology · doi:10.1175/jtech-d-16-0115.1 · Cited by 43
Yang, S., Huang, Z.-M., Huang, C.-Y., et al. (2019) · Monthly Weather Review · doi:10.1175/mwr-d-18-0418.1 · Cited by 43
Miyazaki, S., Iwabuchi, T., Heki, K., et al. (2003) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2000jb000113 · Cited by 43
Li, M., Li, W., Shi, C., et al. (2014) · Advances in Space Research · doi:10.1016/j.asr.2014.10.010 · Cited by 42
Atmospheric Signal Propagation
Hobiger, T., & Jakowski, N. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-42928-1_6 · Cited by 42
Improving GNSS PPP accuracy through WVR PWV augmentation
Wang, J., & Liu, Z. (2019) · Journal of Geodesy · doi:10.1007/s00190-019-01278-2 · Cited by 42
Comins, J. A., & Hussey, T. W. (2015) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/s11192-015-1598-2 · Cited by 41
MADOCA: Japanese precise orbit and clock determination tool for GNSS
Kawate, K., Igarashi, Y., Yamada, H., et al. (2023) · Advances in Space Research · doi:10.1016/j.asr.2023.01.060 · Cited by 41
A new receiver clock model to enhance BDS-3 real-time PPP time transfer with the PPP-B2b service
Ge, Y., Wang, Q., Wang, Y., et al. (2023) · Satellite Navigation · doi:10.1186/s43020-023-00097-3 · Cited by 41
Time-dependent deformation of the eastern flank of Mt. Etna: After-slip or viscoelastic relaxation?
Palano, M., Gresta, S., & Puglisi, G. (2009) · Tectonophysics · doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2009.02.047 · Cited by 41
Brenot, H., Walpersdorf, A., Reverdy, M., et al. (2014) · Atmospheric measurement techniques · doi:10.5194/amt-7-553-2014 · Cited by 41
Daakir, M., Marc Pierrot-deseilligny, A., Bosser, P., Pichard, F., Thom, C., Rabot, Y., & Martin, O. (2017) · ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing · doi:10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2016.12.007 · Cited by 41
Fujita, M., & Sato, T. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-04443-9 · Cited by 41
Impact of GNSS Signal Delay Assimilation on Short Range Weather Forecasts Over the Indian Region
Singh, R., Ojha, S. P., Puviarasan, N., & Singh, V. (2019) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2019jd030866 · Cited by 41
Initial assessment of BDS-3 precise point positioning service on GEO B2b signal
Zhang, W., Lou, Y., Song, W., et al. (2021) · Advances in Space Research · doi:10.1016/j.asr.2021.09.006 · Cited by 41
A new method for vertical stratification of zenith tropospheric delay
Hu, Y., & Yao, Y. (2018) · Advances in Space Research · doi:10.1016/j.asr.2018.10.035 · Cited by 40
Ma, X., Yao, Y., Zhang, B., & Hé, C. (2022) · Remote Sensing of Environment · doi:10.1016/j.rse.2022.113100 · Cited by 40
An Improved Mean-Gravity Model for GPS Hydrostatic Delay Calibration
Bosser, P., Bock, O., Pelon, J. R., et al. (2007) · IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters · doi:10.1109/lgrs.2006.881725 · Cited by 40
Mapping the atmospheric water vapor by integrating microwave radiometer and GPS measurements
Basili, P., Bonafoni, S., Mattioli, V., et al. (2004) · IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing · doi:10.1109/tgrs.2004.830943 · Cited by 40
Real-time GNSS seismology using a single receiver
Li, X., Guo, B., Lu, C., et al. (2014) · Geophysical Journal International · doi:10.1093/gji/ggu113 · Cited by 40
The VLBA Extragalactic Proper Motion Catalog and a Measurement of the Secular Aberration Drift
Truebenbach, A., & Darling, J. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/aa9026 · Cited by 40
A two-stage tropospheric correction model combining data from GNSS and numerical weather model
Douša, J., Eliaš, M., Václavovic, P., et al. (2018) · GPS Solutions · doi:10.1007/s10291-018-0742-x · Cited by 40
Selbesoğlu, M. O. (2019) · Engineering Science and Technology an International Journal · doi:10.1016/j.jestch.2019.11.006 · Cited by 40
Li, H., Wang, X., Choy, S., Wu, S., Jiang, C., Zhang, J., Qiu, C., Li, L., & Zhang, K. F. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing · doi:10.1109/tgrs.2021.3137014 · Cited by 40
Tropospheric parameters: combination studies based on homogeneous VLBI and GPS data
Krügel, M., Thaller, D., Tesmer, V., Rothacher, M., Angermann, D., & Schmid, R. (2007) · Journal of Geodesy · doi:10.1007/s00190-006-0127-8 · Cited by 45
Global, spatially explicit modelling of zenith wet delay with XGBoost
Crocetti, L., Schartner, M., Zus, F., Zhang, W., Möller, G., Navarro, V., See, L., Konrad Schindler, B., & Soja, B. S. (2024) · Journal of Geodesy · doi:10.1007/s00190-024-01829-2 · Cited by 41
A method to improve the utilization of GNSS observation for water vapor tomography
Yao, Y., Zhao, Q., & Zhang, B. (2016) · Annales Geophysicae · doi:10.5194/angeo-34-143-2016 · Cited by 39
Atmospheric Media Calibration for the Deep Space Network
Bar-Sever, Y., Jacobs, C. S., Keihm, S. J., et al. (2007) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2007.905181 · Cited by 39
Mattioli, V., Westwater, E. R., Gutman, S. I., et al. (2005) · IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing · doi:10.1109/tgrs.2004.839926 · Cited by 39
GNSS Precise Point Positioning
Teunissen, P. J. G. (2020) · doi:10.1002/9781119458449.ch20 · Cited by 39
Bock, O., Bosser, P., Flamant, C. N., et al. (2021) · Earth system science data · doi:10.5194/essd-13-2407-2021 · Cited by 38
Optimization of GPS water vapor tomography technique with radiosonde and COSMIC historical data
Ye, S., Xia, P., & Cai, C. (2016) · Annales Geophysicae · doi:10.5194/angeo-34-789-2016 · Cited by 38
Zhu, D., Zhang, K. F., Liu, Y., et al. (2021) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs13142761 · Cited by 38
Vertical Ocean-loading Deformations Derived from a Global GPS Network.
Schenewerk, M. S., Marshall, J. L., & Dillinger, W. H. (2001) · doi:10.11366/sokuchi1954.47.237 · Cited by 38
An improved BDS-3 PPP-B2b positioning approach by estimating signal in space range errors
Xu, X., Nie, Z., Wang, Z., et al. (2023) · GPS Solutions · doi:10.1007/s10291-023-01455-z · Cited by 37
Rain pattern analysis and forecast model based on GPS estimated atmospheric water vapor content
Seco, A., Ramírez, F., Serna, E. M., et al. (2011) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.12.019 · Cited by 37
Paziewski, J. (2015) · Measurement Science and Technology · doi:10.1088/0957-0233/26/3/035002 · Cited by 37
An improved GNSS tropospheric tomography method with the GPT2w model
Zhao, Q., Yao, W., Yao, Y., et al. (2020) · GPS Solutions · doi:10.1007/s10291-020-0974-4 · Cited by 37
GPS III Vespucci: Results of half a year in orbit
Steigenberger, P., Thoelert, S., & Montenbruck, O. (2020) · Advances in Space Research · doi:10.1016/j.asr.2020.03.026 · Cited by 37
Integrated water vapour content retrievals from ship-borne GNSS receivers during EUREC 4 A
Bosser, P., Bock, O., Flamant, C. N., et al. (2021) · Earth system science data · doi:10.5194/essd-13-1499-2021 · Cited by 37
Osah, S., Acheampong, A. A., Fosu, C., et al. (2021) · Advances in Space Research · doi:10.1016/j.asr.2021.04.039 · Cited by 37
Ma, X., Yao, Y., Zhang, B., et al. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing · doi:10.1109/tgrs.2022.3170078 · Cited by 37
Tropospheric Corrections for Coastal Altimetry
Obligis, E., Desportes, C., Eymard, L., et al. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-12796-0_6 · Cited by 37
Calibration of Envisat radar altimeter over Lake Issykkul
Crétaux, J., Bergé‐Nguyen, M., Calmant, S., et al. (2012) · Advances in Space Research · doi:10.1016/j.asr.2012.06.039 · Cited by 37
The Atmospheric Load Response of the Ocean Determined Using Geosat Altimeter Data
Vandam, T. M., & Wahr, A. J. (1993) · Geophysical Journal International · doi:10.1111/j.1365-246x.1993.tb02524.x · Cited by 37
Accuracy and biases in the geodetic application of the Global Positioning System
Beutler, G., Bauersíma, I., Botton, S., et al. (1989) · Manuscripta geodetica. · doi:10.1007/bf03655197 · Cited by 37
Performance of PPP and PPP-RTK with new-generation GNSS constellations and signals
Zhang, X., Yang, Y., Yang, H., et al. (2025) · Satellite Navigation · doi:10.1186/s43020-025-00169-6 · Cited by 36
Bordi, I., Zhu, X., & Fraedrich, K. (2015) · Theoretical and Applied Climatology · doi:10.1007/s00704-014-1355-0 · Cited by 36
A novel, optimized approach of voxel division for water vapor tomography
Yao, Y., & Zhao, Q. (2016) · Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics · doi:10.1007/s00703-016-0450-4 · Cited by 36
Chen, P., Ma, Y., Liu, H., et al. (2020) · Earth and Space Science · doi:10.1029/2019ea000888 · Cited by 36
GNSS RUMS: GNSS Realistic Urban Multiagent Simulator for Collaborative Positioning Research
Zhang, G., Xu, B. H., Ng, H., et al. (2021) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs13040544 · Cited by 36
NRTK, PPP or Static, That Is the Question. Testing Different Positioning Solutions for GNSS Survey
Dardanelli, G. G., Maltese, A., Pipitone, C., et al. (2021) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs13071406 · Cited by 36
Orbit determination of China’s first mars probe Tianwen-1 during interplanetary cruise
Yang, P., Huang, Y., Li, P., et al. (2021) · Advances in Space Research · doi:10.1016/j.asr.2021.10.046 · Cited by 36
Yuan, P., Malderen, R. V., Yin, X., et al. (2023) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-23-3517-2023 · Cited by 36
RAY-TRACING OPTIONS TO MITIGATE THE NEUTRAL ATMOSPHERE DELAY IN GPS
Geremia‐Nievinski, F., & Santos, M. C. (2019) · GEOMATICA · Cited by 36
Continuous GPS observations across the Hayward Fault, California, 1991–1994
King, N. E., Svarc, J. L., Fogleman, E. B., et al. (1995) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/95jb02035 · Cited by 36
Assessment of ERA-Interim and ERA5 reanalysis data on atmospheric corrections for InSAR
Zhang, Z., Lou, Y., Zhang, W., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation · doi:10.1016/j.jag.2022.102822 · Cited by 35
Detecting Severe Weather using GPS Tomography: An Australian Case Study
Manning, T., Zhang, K. F., Rohm, W., et al. (2012) · Journal of Global Positioning Systems · doi:10.5081/jgps.11.1.59 · Cited by 35
Ding, N., Zhang, S., Wu, S., et al. (2018) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1002/2017jd027748 · Cited by 35
Zhang, Q., Li, F., Zhang, S., & Li, W. (2020) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s20082343 · Cited by 35
Benefits of combining GPS and GLONASS for measuring ocean tide loading displacement
Abbaszadeh, M., Clarke, P. J., & Penna, N. T. (2020) · Journal of Geodesy · doi:10.1007/s00190-020-01393-5 · Cited by 35
Mitigation of Atmospheric Artefacts in Multi Temporal InSAR: A Review
Kirui, P. K., Reinosch, E., Isya, N., et al. (2021) · PFG – Journal of Photogrammetry Remote Sensing and Geoinformation Science · doi:10.1007/s41064-021-00138-z · Cited by 35
Variability of GPS derived water vapor and comparison with MODIS data over the Indo-Gangetic plains
Kumar, S., Singh, A. K., Prasad, A. K., et al. (2010) · Physics and Chemistry of the Earth Parts A/B/C · doi:10.1016/j.pce.2010.03.040 · Cited by 35
Modelling weighted mean temperature in the West African region: implications for GNSS meteorology
Isioye, O. A., Combrinck, L., & Botai, J. O. (2016) · Meteorological Applications · doi:10.1002/met.1584 · Cited by 35
Davis, J. L., HERRING, T. A., & Shapiro, I. I. (1991) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/90jb01503 · Cited by 35
GSTAR: an innovative software platform for processing space geodetic data at the observation level
Shi, C., Guo, S., Fan, L., et al. (2023) · Satellite Navigation · doi:10.1186/s43020-023-00109-2 · Cited by 34
Koulali, A., Ouazar, D., Bock, O., et al. (2011) · Atmospheric Research · doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.11.002 · Cited by 34
Monitoring water vapour with GNSS during a heavy rainfall event in the Spanish Mediterranean area
Priego-de-los-Santos, E., Jones, J., Porres, M. J., et al. (2016) · Geomatics Natural Hazards and Risk · doi:10.1080/19475705.2016.1201150 · Cited by 34
A New Zenith Tropospheric Delay Grid Product for Real-Time PPP Applications over China
Lou, Y., Huang, J., Zhang, W., et al. (2017) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s18010065 · Cited by 34
Establishment of a Real-Time Local Tropospheric Fusion Model
Yao, Y., Xu, X., Xu, C., et al. (2019) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs11111321 · Cited by 34
Metadata
- Authors
- Saastamoinen, J.
- Affiliations
- National Research Council Canada (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Saastamoinen, J.
- Venue
- Geophysical Monograph Series
- Publisher
- American Geophysical Union
- Published
- 2013-03-15
- Pages
- 247-251
- ISSN
- 0065-8448 (ISSN-L)
- 2328-8779
- OpenAlex
- W1535176033
- Semantic Scholar
- 012b36897f1c3f9d99cb6f9bbb98012eae001bdf
- Cited by
- 1,492
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 65 · 2025: 103 · 2024: 113 · 2023: 105 · 2022: 107 · 2021: 110 · 2020: 106 · 2019: 85 · 2018: 61 · 2017: 77 · 2016: 48 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 36
- FWCI
- 157.69
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Geophysical monograph (publishedVersion)
- NPARC (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Radio Wave Propagation Studies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › GNSS positioning and interference
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Space and Planetary Science › Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics
- Keywords
- atmospheric correction, troposphere, stratosphere, radio ranging, atmospheric pressure, zenith distance, range correction, water vapor pressure, atmospheric refraction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review