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Cited by 674Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentEmotions and Moral BehaviorChild and Animal Learning Development

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 44 of the 44 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Multiple pathways to conscience for children with different temperaments: From toddlerhood to age 5.

Kochanska, Grazyna·1997·Developmental Psychology
DOI 10.1037/0012-1649.33.2.228
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Abstract

This research extends longitudinally findings on child temperament as a moderator of the impact of socialization on conscience development, reported previously for contemporaneous data at toddler age. Children's temperament and maternal socialization at Time 1 (n = 103, aged 2-3 years) were considered predictors of future conscience, assessed using new observational and narrative measures. The moderation model was supported for predicting conscience at Time 2 (n = 99, age 4), and, to a lesser extent, at Time 3 (n = 90, age 5). For children fearful as toddlers, maternal gentle discipline, presumably capitalizing on the optimal level of anxious arousal, promoted conscience at Time 2. For children fearless as toddlers, perhaps insufficiently aroused by gentle discipline, alternative socialization mechanisms, presumably capitalizing on mother-child positive orientation (secure attachment, maternal responsiveness), promoted conscience at Times 2 and 3. Developmental interplay of temperament and socialization in emerging morality is discussed.

Overview

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Crossref · 10.1037/0012-1649.33.2.228

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44 of 44 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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Metadata

Authors
Kochanska, G.
Affiliations
University of Iowa (US)
Corresponding author
Kochanska, Grazyna
ORCID
Kochanska, Grazyna
Venue
Developmental Psychology
Publisher
American Psychological Association (APA)
Published
1997
Volume
33
Issue
2
Pages
228-240
ISSN
  • 0012-1649 (ISSN-L)
  • 1939-0599
DOI
10.1037/0012-1649.33.2.228
OpenAlex
W2080170735
Cited by
646
References
43
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 37 · 2012: 33
FWCI
13.10
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Developmental Psychology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
Keywords
conscience development, child temperament, maternal socialization, moral development, toddlers, secure attachment, maternal responsiveness, fearful temperament, anxious arousal
MeSH terms
Age Factors, Child Behavior, Psychology, Child, Child, Preschool, Conscience, Female, Humans, Infant, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Object Attachment, Play and Playthings, Problem Solving, Sex Factors, Socialization, Temperament

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Multiple pathways to conscience for children with different temperaments: From toddlerhood to age 5. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1037/0012-1649.33.2.228
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Kochanska, G. (1997). Multiple pathways to conscience for children with different temperaments: From toddlerhood to age 5. Developmental Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.33.2.228

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.