Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
Cited by 332

The DOI matches its OpenAlex record; 7 of the 7 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Maternal Reports of Conscience Development and Temperament in Young Children

Grazyna Kochanska, Katherine A. DeVet, Marguerita Goldman, Kathleen T. Murray, Samuel P. Putnam·1994·Child Development

Abstract

Multiple manifestations of emerging conscience, their development, organization, and links with temperament were studied in 171 21-70-month-old children. A new parental report instrument was designed to measure conscience, with good psychometric qualities and predictive of children's behaviors in a laboratory. For most aspects of conscience, the major developmental shifts occurred around age 3.2 components of early conscience emerged in factor analyses: Affective Discomfort, significantly higher for girls, that encompassed guilt, apology, concern about good feelings with the parent following wrongdoing, and empathy with others, and Active Moral Regulation/Vigilance, which included confession and reparation following wrongdoing, internalization of rules of conduct (self-regulation), and concern about others' wrongdoing. Children's temperament, assessed by maternal reports, was associated with conscience. Low impulsivity and high inhibitory control were associated with Active Moral Regulation/Vigilance for both sexes and, for girls only, also with Affective Discomfort. For girls, temperamental reactivity related positively to Affective Discomfort and negatively to Active Moral Regulation/Vigilance.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

OpenAlex · 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1994.tb00788.x

Cites

7 of 7 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 7 references

Cited by

See all 332

Metadata

Authors
Kochanska, G., DeVet, K. A., Goldman, M., Murray, K. T., & Putnam, S. P.
Venue
Child Development
Publisher
Wiley
Published
1994-06-01
Volume
65
Issue
3
Pages
852-852
ISSN
0009-3920 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2069009449
Cited by
332
References
7
FWCI
12.22
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Maternal Reports of Conscience Development and Temperament in Young Children. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1994.tb00788.x
The paper
Kochanska, G., DeVet, K. A., Goldman, M., Murray, K. T., & Putnam, S. P. (1994). Maternal Reports of Conscience Development and Temperament in Young Children. Child Development. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1994.tb00788.x

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.