The DOI matches its OpenAlex record; 7 of the 7 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Maternal Reports of Conscience Development and Temperament in Young Children
Abstract
Multiple manifestations of emerging conscience, their development, organization, and links with temperament were studied in 171 21-70-month-old children. A new parental report instrument was designed to measure conscience, with good psychometric qualities and predictive of children's behaviors in a laboratory. For most aspects of conscience, the major developmental shifts occurred around age 3.2 components of early conscience emerged in factor analyses: Affective Discomfort, significantly higher for girls, that encompassed guilt, apology, concern about good feelings with the parent following wrongdoing, and empathy with others, and Active Moral Regulation/Vigilance, which included confession and reparation following wrongdoing, internalization of rules of conduct (self-regulation), and concern about others' wrongdoing. Children's temperament, assessed by maternal reports, was associated with conscience. Low impulsivity and high inhibitory control were associated with Active Moral Regulation/Vigilance for both sexes and, for girls only, also with Affective Discomfort. For girls, temperamental reactivity related positively to Affective Discomfort and negatively to Active Moral Regulation/Vigilance.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The Measurement of Observer Agreement for Categorical Data
Landis, J. R., & Koch, G. G. (1977) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2529310 · Cited by 81,148
Negative affectivity: the disposition to experience aversive emotional states
Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1984) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.96.3.465 · Cited by 4,636
Tests for comparing elements of a correlation matrix
Steiger, J. H. (1980) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.87.2.245 · Cited by 4,621
The relation of empathy to prosocial and related behaviors
Eisenberg, N., & Miller, P. A. (1987) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.101.1.91 · Cited by 2,672
Development of concern for others.
Zahn-Waxler, C., Radke-Yarrow, M., Wagner, E., & Chapman, M. (1992) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.28.1.126 · Cited by 1,314
Child and parent effects in boys' conduct disorder: A reinterpretation.
Lytton, H. (1990) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037//0012-1649.26.5.683 · Cited by 641
Guilt and empathy: Sex differences and implications for the development of depression
Zahn-Waxler, C., Cole, P. M., & Barrett, K. C. (1991) · The Development of Emotion Regulation and Dysregulation · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511663963.012 · Cited by 231
Cited by
Barkley, R. A. (1997) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.121.1.65 · Cited by 580
Emotion, regulation, and moral development
Eisenberg, N. (2000) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.665 · Cited by 2,422
Frick, P. J., & White, S. F. (2008) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01862.x · Cited by 1,290
The Generation R Study: design and cohort update 2010
Jaddoe, V. W. V., van Duijn, C. M., van der Heijden, A. J., Mackenbach, J. P., Moll, H. A., Steegers, E. A. P., Tiemeier, H., Uitterlinden, A. G., Verhulst, F. C., & Hofman, A. (2010) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-010-9516-7 · Cited by 1,027
Inhibitory Control in Young Children and Its Role in Emerging Internalization
Kochanska, G., Murray, K. T., Jacques, T. Y., Koenig, A. L., & Vandegeest, K. A. (1996) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01747.x · Cited by 940
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Kochanska, G., DeVet, K. A., Goldman, M., Murray, K. T., & Putnam, S. P.
- Venue
- Child Development
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1994-06-01
- Volume
- 65
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 852-852
- ISSN
- 0009-3920 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2069009449
- Cited by
- 332
- References
- 7
- FWCI
- 12.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Maternal Reports of Conscience Development and Temperament in Young Children. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1994.tb00788.x
- The paper
- Kochanska, G., DeVet, K. A., Goldman, M., Murray, K. T., & Putnam, S. P. (1994). Maternal Reports of Conscience Development and Temperament in Young Children. Child Development. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1994.tb00788.x
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.