Cited by 438Hemispheric Asymmetry in NeuroscienceChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentNeural and Behavioral Psychology Studies

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If it's not left, it's right: Electroencephalograph asymmetry and the development of emotion.

Fox, Nathan A.·1991·American Psychologist

DOI 10.1037/0003-066x.46.8.863

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Abstract

Recent studies suggest that an initial component involving stimulus evaluation may precede subsequent steps in the generation of emotion. This article presents a model for the development of emotion that involves an initial decision of approach or withdrawal, which results in motor programs, including facial expression, that facilitate either approach or withdrawal. With development, more complex emotions arise, as products of these basic initial responses and interaction with the environment. Evidence is presented that suggests that there are brain asymmetries (as measured by scalp recorded EEG activity) localized to the frontal region that are associated with the generation of emotion in infants. Variability in the pattern of EEG asymmetry between infants may be an important marker of differences in temperament.

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BackgroundInfluential
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“Fox (1991) presents two views of emotion's impact on behavior.”
Background
The Link between Suicidality and Electroencephalography Asymmetry: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Butler, L. B., & Nooner, K. B. (2023) · Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience · doi:10.9758/cpn.22.1043 · Cited by 6
Sounds elicit relative left frontal alpha activity in 2-month-old infants
Mai, X., Xu, L., Li, M., Shao, J., Zhao, Z., Lamm, C., Fox, N. A., Nelson, C. A., & Lozoff, B. (2014) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.09.008 · Cited by 6
“Frontal brain asymmetries as assessed by the EEG have been noted to be associatedwith the perception and generation of emotion (Fox, 1991).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Frontal asymmetry index in Williams syndrome: Evidence for altered emotional brain circuitry?
Ng, R., Fishman, I., & Bellugi, U. (2015) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2015.1005667 · Cited by 6
“…model based on frontal resting electroencephalography (EEG) and linked to emotion processing has been postulated (Davidson, 1993, 1998; Fox, 1991, 1994), and applied by social neuroscientists to explain the individual differences in affect and personality traits such as sociability…”
BackgroundMethod
EEG Correlates of Emotional Problems and Conduct Disorder in Schoolchildren
Knyazev, G. G., Slobodskaya, H. R., Aftanas, L. I., & Savina, N. N. (2002) · Human Physiology · doi:10.1023/a:1015592315882 · Cited by 6
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Construction of Multi-Scale Consistent Brain Networks: Methods and Applications
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“Their functional roles are reasonable given the existing researches about frontal lobe, such as that the left frontal lobe deals with language abilities (helps you think logically) while the right frontal lobe is generally more concerned with emotion (helps you think creatively) [45,46].”
Background
Pupil Dilations Reflect Why Rembrandt Biased Female Portraits Leftward and Males Rightward
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Frontal EEG asymmetry in extremely low birth weight adult survivors: Links to antenatal corticosteroid exposure and psychopathology
Krzeczkowski, J. E., Schmidt, L. A., Savoy, C. D., Saigal, S., & Lieshout, R. J. V. (2018) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2018.05.023 · Cited by 5
Frontal Electroencephalogram Alpha Asymmetry Relates to Implicit Achievement Motives: A Pilot Study
Müller, B. C. N., Marx, A. K. G., Paulus, M., & Meinhardt, J. (2018) · Mind Brain and Education · doi:10.1111/mbe.12175 · Cited by 5
“…has been associated with approach-oriented emotions, to an approach motivation, and the experience of positive affect (e.g., Davidson & Fox, 1982; Fox, 1991; Fox et al., 2001; Harmon-Jones et al., 2010; Licata, Paulus, Kühn-Popp, Meinhardt, & Sodian, 2015; Paulus, Kühn-Popp, Licata, Sodian, &…”
BackgroundInfluential
The Developmental Psychopathology of Depression
McLaughlin, K. A., Michl-Petzing, L. C., & Herts, K. L. (2013) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118316153.ch5 · Cited by 6
Asymmetry of finger temperature and early behavior
Kagan, J., Arcus, D. M., Snidman, N. C., et al. (1995) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.420280806 · Cited by 5
Evolutionary and Neuroscientific Perspectives on Adaptive Shyness
Hassan, R., MacGowan, T. L., Poole, K. L., & Schmidt, L. A. (2021) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119576457.ch2 · Cited by 7
Emotional Campaigning in Politics: Being Moved and Anger in Political Ads Motivate to Support Candidate and PartyPreprint
Grüning, D. J., & Schubert, T. W. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/jtvh6 · Cited by 5
Lateral asymmetries in infants’ regulatory and communicative gestures
Borgatti, R., & Tronick, E. (2010) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511777042.013 · Cited by 4
Asymmetries in Brain Maturation and Behavioral Disturbances: Multivariate Electroencephalogram and P300 Studies
Gerez, M., Tello, A., Serrano, C., Ibarra, R., & Mallet, A. (1999) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/088307389901400206 · Cited by 4
“Ninety-five children were studied; reasons for testing were behavioral (19), academic (12), medical nonneurologic (16), and mixed (28), along with 20 control subjects.”
Background
Study of valence of musical emotions and its laterality evoked by instrumental Indian classical music: An EEG study
Tandle, A. L., Jog, N., Dharmadhikari, A., et al. (2016) · doi:10.1109/iccsp.2016.7754149 · Cited by 4
Human Emotions
Pittermann, J., Pittermann, A., & Minker, W. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-3129-7_2 · Cited by 4
Shyness and the Electrical Activity of the Brain
Schmidt, L. A., & Miskovic, V. (2013) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118427378.ch4 · Cited by 4
儿童行为抑制性与心理障碍关联的认知神经过程
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The Study of Behavioral Inhibition and Temperamental Shyness Across Four Academic Generations
Schmidt, L. A., Poole, K. L., Fox, N. A., & Kagan, J. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-38877-5_1 · Cited by 3
Self-citation
Frontal Function in Cognitive and Emotional Behaviors During Infancy: Effects of Maturation and Experience
Fox, N. A., & Bell, M. A. (1993) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-015-8234-6_17 · Cited by 3
Self-citation
Development of the Real-Time Subjective Emotionality Assessment (RTSEA) system
Chung, S.-C., Min, Y., Lee, B., et al. (2007) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/bf03192853 · Cited by 3
“Many studies have been conducted on measuring electrical/physiological signals as a method for objective evaluation of emotion (Davidson & Fox, 1982; Ekman, Levenson, & Friesen, 1983; Elliott, 1974; Elul, 1972; Fox, 1991; Hinrichs & Machleidt, 1992; Kostyunina & Kulikov, 1996; Levenson, Ekman, & Friesen, 1990; Rosenbe…”
A Real-Time Emotionality Assessment (RTEA) System Based on Psycho-Physiological Evaluation
Chung, S.-C., & Yang, H.-K. (2008) · International Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/00207450701769380 · Cited by 3
“…emotionality evaluation study (Elul, 1972; Davidson & Fox, 1982; Ekman et al., 1983; Deboer et al., 1984; Myers et al., 1986; Levenson et al., 1990; Fox, 1991; Hinrichs & Machleidt, 1992; Rosenberg & Ekman, 1994; Brauchli et al., 1995; Kostiunina & Kulikov, 1996; Lee & Olness, 1996; Min et al.,…”

Authors: Fox, N. A.
Affiliations: University of Maryland, College Park (US)
Corresponding author: Fox, Nathan A.
ORCID: Fox, Nathan A.
Venue: American Psychologist
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1991
Volume: 46
Issue: 8
Pages: 863-872
ISSN: 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
1935-990X
DOI: 10.1037/0003-066x.46.8.863
OpenAlex: W2008065461
Cited by: 438
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 18
FWCI: 4.62
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD 17899)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hemispheric Asymmetry in Neuroscience
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Keywords: emotional development, frontal lobe asymmetry, approach-avoidance behavior, motor programs, facial expressions, infants, temperament, EEG variability, stimulus evaluation
MeSH terms: Cerebral Cortex, Dominance, Cerebral, Emotions, Facial Expression, Humans, Individuality, Temperament

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