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If it's not left, it's right: Electroencephalograph asymmetry and the development of emotion.
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that an initial component involving stimulus evaluation may precede subsequent steps in the generation of emotion. This article presents a model for the development of emotion that involves an initial decision of approach or withdrawal, which results in motor programs, including facial expression, that facilitate either approach or withdrawal. With development, more complex emotions arise, as products of these basic initial responses and interaction with the environment. Evidence is presented that suggests that there are brain asymmetries (as measured by scalp recorded EEG activity) localized to the frontal region that are associated with the generation of emotion in infants. Variability in the pattern of EEG asymmetry between infants may be an important marker of differences in temperament.
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“Individuals with greater frontal alpha activity on the left relative to the right hemisphere display more reward-seeking behaviors than do individuals with greater activity on the right side.”
From Social “wanting” dysfunction in autism: neurobiological underpinnings and treatment implications (2012) · cites this paper as [106]
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“…that the right hemisphere appears to play a greater role in affect, especially the adaptive expression of negative affect (e.g., Canli et al., 1998; Fox, 1991; Noesselt et al., 2005; Simon-Thomas et al., 2005), the right hemisphere also appears to have a greater role in regulation of cardiac…”
BackgroundEmotion recognition in human-computer interaction
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“…region is involved in the experience and expression of approach-related emotions and that the right frontal cortical region is involved in experience and expression of withdrawal-related emotions (Davidson, Jackson, & Kalin, 2000; Fox, 1991; Harmon-Jones & Allen, 1997; Sutton & Davidson, 1997).”
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“Using EEG measures to index ongoing frontal brain electrical activity during the processing of different affects, Davidson and Fox found substantial empirical support for the model in adults and infants (for review, see: Davidson, 1993; Davidson & Rickman, 1999; Fox, 1991).”
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“…it is noteworthy that infants were found to show greater left prefrontal activation when a social partner followed their gaze (Grossmann et al., 2013), which has been argued to reflect appetitive motivational tendencies related to approach (Davidson & Fox, 1982; Fox, 1991; Harmon-Jones, 2003).”
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“These approach-orientation differences (Gray and McNaughton 2000) have been noted in infants (Fox 1991, 1994), children (Baving et al. 2002), and adults (Sutton and Davidson 1997).”
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“A consistent finding in the developmental literature is that infants and children characterized by anxious and withdrawn temperaments show greater right frontal activation (Fox, 1991, 1994; Fox et al., 1995; Theall-Honey & Schmidt, 2006).”
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BackgroundShin, Y., Woo, S.-H., Kim, D.-H., Kim, J., Kim, J., & Park, J. Y. (2014) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2014.09.046 · Cited by 99
Miskovic, V., Schmidt, L. A., Georgiades, K., Boyle, M., & MacMillan, H. L. (2009) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.20387 · Cited by 97
van Honk, J., Schutter, D. J. L. G., d’Alfonso, A. A. L., Kessels, R. P. C., & de Haan, E. H. F. (2002) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01346-x · Cited by 97
“Disregarding a danger signal is a risky behavioral strategy and can most likely be observed in low-anxiety, anger-prone individuals, with a presumably left PFC dominance (Coan et al 1999; d’Alfonso et al 2000; Fox 1991; Hermans et al 1999).”
BackgroundResultRight Frontal EEG Asymmetry and Lack of Empathy in Preschool Children of Depressed Mothers
Jones, N. A., Field, T. M., & Davalos, M. (2000) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1023/a:1021399605526 · Cited by 94
EEG Stability in Infants/Children of Depressed Mothers
Jones, N. A., Field, T. M., Davalos, M., & Pickens, J. N. (1997) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1023/a:1025197101496 · Cited by 93
Cognitive vs. affective listening modes and judgments of music – An ERP study
Brattico, E., Jacobsen, T., Baene, W. D., Glerean, E., & Tervaniemi, M. H. (2010) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.08.014 · Cited by 94
“…left-hemispheric frontal cortex, whereas negative emotions rely on the intact functioning of the righthemispheric frontal cortex (Davidson, 1993; Fox, 1991; for supporting results with musical stimuli, see Altenmüller et al., 2002; Flores-Gutierrez et al., 2007; Gagnon and Peretz, 2000; Schmidt…”
Backgroundvan de Laar, M. C., Licht, R., Franken, I. H. A., & Hendriks, V. M. (2004) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-004-1928-1 · Cited by 92
“The contribution of left frontal sites could be related to appetitive sensation of drug cues since left frontal brain areas are involved when subjects are experiencing increased approach tendencies and right frontal brain areas when experiencing increased avoidance tendencies (Watson and Tellegen 1985; Davidson et al.…”
BackgroundCarver, L. J., & Vaccaro, B. G. (2007) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.43.1.54 · Cited by 89
Pérez‐Edgar, K. E., & Fox, N. A. (2003) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/s0278-2626(03)00007-1 · Cited by 90
“In particular , right frontal EEG activation has been linked to negative or withdrawal emotions , while left frontal EEG activation has been linked to positive or approach emotions ( Davidson & Fox , 1989 ; Fox , 1991 ) .”
Self-citationForbes, E. E., Fox, N. A., Cohn, J. F., Galles, S. F., & Kovács, M. (2005) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2005.05.004 · Cited by 91
“Consequently, we found support for the posited relation of greater relative right frontal activity to withdrawal behavior (Fox, 1991), but only in the younger age group.”
InfluentialSelf-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Fox, N. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- Corresponding author
- Fox, Nathan A.
- ORCID
- Fox, Nathan A.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 1991
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 863-872
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2008065461
- Cited by
- 438
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 4.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD 17899)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hemispheric Asymmetry in Neuroscience
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- emotional development, frontal lobe asymmetry, approach-avoidance behavior, motor programs, facial expressions, infants, temperament, EEG variability, stimulus evaluation
- MeSH terms
- Cerebral Cortex, Dominance, Cerebral, Emotions, Facial Expression, Humans, Individuality, Temperament
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