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If it's not left, it's right: Electroencephalograph asymmetry and the development of emotion.
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that an initial component involving stimulus evaluation may precede subsequent steps in the generation of emotion. This article presents a model for the development of emotion that involves an initial decision of approach or withdrawal, which results in motor programs, including facial expression, that facilitate either approach or withdrawal. With development, more complex emotions arise, as products of these basic initial responses and interaction with the environment. Evidence is presented that suggests that there are brain asymmetries (as measured by scalp recorded EEG activity) localized to the frontal region that are associated with the generation of emotion in infants. Variability in the pattern of EEG asymmetry between infants may be an important marker of differences in temperament.
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“Individuals with greater frontal alpha activity on the left relative to the right hemisphere display more reward-seeking behaviors than do individuals with greater activity on the right side.”
From Social “wanting” dysfunction in autism: neurobiological underpinnings and treatment implications (2012) · cites this paper as [106]
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It's in our nature: Verbal aggressiveness as temperamental expression
Beatty, M. J., & McCroskey, J. C. (1997) · Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1080/01463379709370076 · Cited by 86
Diane Santesso, L., Reker Dana, L., Schmidt, L. A., & Segalowitz, S. J. (2006) · Child Psychiatry and Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-005-0005-2 · Cited by 83
Davis, M., & Suveg, C. M. (2013) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-013-0162-y · Cited by 89
“Generally, right frontal activation is linked to withdrawal behaviors and associated negative emotions, whereas left frontal activation is related to approach behaviors and associated positive emotions (Fox 1991).”
BackgroundModels of hemispheric specialization in facial emotion perception—a reevaluation.
Najt, P., Bayer, U., & Hausmann, M. (2012) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0029723 · Cited by 76
“Thus, it might be that an emotional processing system specialized for signaling danger or harmful stimuli (Borod, 1992; Craig, 2005; Fox, 1991) involves right lateralized mechanisms that enable the early allocation of attentional resources to negative stimuli.”
BackgroundEmotional Responses to Music: Shifts in Frontal Brain Asymmetry Mark Periods of Musical Change
Arjmand, H., Hohagen, J., Paton, B. K., & Rickard, N. S. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02044 · Cited by 88
Effects of Lesion Variables and Emotion Type on the Perception of Facial Emotion
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Psychophysiological Assessment of Prejudice: Past Research, Current Status, and Future Directions
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The neurocognitive underpinnings of diminished expressivity in schizotypy: What the voice reveals
Cohen, A. S., Iglesias, B., & Minor, K. S. (2009) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2009.01.010 · Cited by 74
“This hypothesis was informed by findings from affective neuroscience that emotional experience is not processed in a specific hemisphere but is valence specific such that negatively valenced or “avoidance” emotions are processed in right frontal regions whereas positively valenced or “approach” emotions are implicated…”
BackgroundSchwartz, C. B., Henderson, H. A., Inge, A. P., Zahka, N. E., Coman, D. C., Kojkowski, N. M., Hileman, C. M., & Mundy, P. C. (2009) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-009-0690-y · Cited by 78
“…individuals, those with right frontal EEG asymmetry tend to be more withdrawn and express more negative affect while individuals with left frontal EEG asymmetry tend to be more approach oriented and express more positive affect (Baving, Laucht, & Schmidt, 2002; Davidson, 1998; Fox, 1991).”
BackgroundGonzález‐Mariscal, G., Melo, Á. I., Chirino, R., Jim�nez, P., Beyer, C., & Rosenblatt, J. S. (1998) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2302(199803)32:2 · Cited by 67
Self-citationA Neurophysiological Assessment of Consumers’ Emotional Responses to Service Recovery Behaviors
Boshoff, C. (2012) · Journal of Service Research · doi:10.1177/1094670512453879 · Cited by 69
“Approach behavior is associated with positive emotions such as activation, engagement, interest, joy, and happiness, while avoidance behavior is associated with negative emotions such as disinterest, disengagement, sadness, fear, and disgust (Davidson 1993; Davidson et al. 1990; Fox 1991).”
BackgroundNeurobiological Concomitants of Motivational States
Mendes, W. B., & Park, J. (2014) · Advances in motivation science · doi:10.1016/bs.adms.2014.09.001 · Cited by 73
Infants of intrusive and withdrawn mothers
Jones, N. A., Field, T. M., Fox, N. A., Davalos, M., Malphurs, J. E., Carraway, K., Schanberg, S. M., & Kuhn, C. M. (1997) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/s0163-6383(97)90020-5 · Cited by 68
Self-citationSmith, C. L., & Bell, M. A. (2010) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.20427 · Cited by 67
“However, one of the emotions theorized to be associated with approach behaviors is anger (Fox, 1991, 1994).”
Pérez‐Edgar, K. E., Fox, N. A., Cohn, J. F., & Kovács, M. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.02.036 · Cited by 67
Self-citationPast and future of near-infrared spectroscopy in studies of emotion and social neuroscience
Balconi, M., & Molteni, E. (2015) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2015.1102919 · Cited by 69
“…of negative affect, the left PFC is associated with the approach-related emotion, whereas the right prefrontal area is associated with withdrawalrelated emotion, and, in some pathological condition, to anxiety (Balconi & Mazza, 2009b, 2010; Davidson, 2002; Fox, 1991; Harmon-Jones & Allen, 1998).”
BackgroundForbes, E. E., Shaw, D. S., Fox, N. A., Cohn, J. F., Silk, J. S., & Kovács, M. (2005) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01442.x · Cited by 67
“The underlying construct is conceptualized as dichotomous ( Fox, 1991 ), and continuous scores may be subject to measurement error.”
InfluentialSelf-citationSchmidt, L. A., Miskovic, V., Boyle, M., & Saigal, S. (2010) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01388.x · Cited by 65
“Davidson (1993, 2000) and Fox (1991, 1994) have argued that emotions are organized around approach-withdrawal motivational tendencies.”
InfluentialHe, J., Degnan, K. A., McDermott, J. M., Henderson, H. A., Hane, A. A., Xu, Q., & Fox, N. A. (2010) · Infancy · doi:10.1111/j.1532-7078.2009.00017.x · Cited by 64
“Moreover, the results support the idea that left frontal EEG asymmetry reflects a bias to approach novel stimuli (Fox, 1991; Harmon-Jones, 2004), reflecting the activation of motor and affective responses that facilitate reward-seeking behaviors.”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationThe neural circuitry of emotion and affective style: prefrontal cortex and amygdala contributions
Davidson, R. J. (2001) · Social Science Information · doi:10.1177/053901801040001002 · Cited by 63
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Frontal EEG asymmetry and sensation seeking in young adults.
Santesso, D., Segalowitz, S., Ashbaugh, A., Antony, M., McCabe, R., & Schmidt, L. (2008) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2008.02.003 · Cited by 55
Santesso, D. L., Schmidt, L. A., & Trainor, L. J. (2007) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2007.02.008 · Cited by 59
“These distinct patterns of frontal EEG asymmetry during the processing of positive and negative emotions have been noted in studies of adults, children, and infants across different sensory modalities (see Davidson, 2000; Fox, 1991, 1994 for a review).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialBrain responses reveal young infants’ sensitivity to when a social partner follows their gaze
Großmann, T., Lloyd‐Fox, S., & Johnson, M. H. (2013) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2013.09.004 · Cited by 59
“With respect to the lateralization of the prefrontal brain response, it is noteworthy that prior work with infants and adults has shown that left prefrontal cortical activation is indicative of a motivation to approach (Davidson and Fox, 1982; Fox, 1991; Harmon-Jones, 2003).”
BackgroundAsymmetrical facial expressions in portraits and hemispheric laterality: A literature review
Powell, W. R., & Schirillo, J. A. (2009) · Laterality Asymmetries of Body Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1080/13576500802680336 · Cited by 59
Hewig, J. S., Schlotz, W., Gerhards, F., Breitenstein, C., Lürken, A., & Naumann, E. (2007) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.10.004 · Cited by 60
Shyness and the first 100 ms of emotional face processing
Jetha, M. K., Zheng, X., Schmidt, L. A., & Segalowitz, S. J. (2011) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2011.581539 · Cited by 61
“…and regulation of reward and fear neural circuitry are thought to underlie differences in personality, leading to more approach-oriented (extroverted and sociable) and more withdrawal-oriented (i.e., introverted and shy) styles of social interaction (Davidson, Jackson, & Kalin, 2000; Fox, 1991).”
BackgroundToward a Better Understanding of Advertising Stimuli Processing
Matukin, M., Ohme, R. K., & Boshoff, C. (2016) · Journal of Advertising Research · doi:10.2501/jar-2016-017 · Cited by 59
Neurofeedback Treatment of Depression with the Roshi
Hammond, D. C. (2000) · Journal of Neurotherapy · doi:10.1300/j184v04n02_06 · Cited by 61
“…EEG studies (e.g., Davidson, 1992, 1995, 1998b; Davidson & Fox, 1982, 1989; Fox & Davidson, 1986; Davidson, Chapman, Chapman & Henriques, 1990; Fox, 1991; Heilman, 1997; Reuter-Lorenz & Davidson, 1981; Schiff & McDonald, 1990; Tomarken, A.J., Davidson, R.J., & Henriquez, 1990) demonstrate…”
Anticipatory anxiety-induced changes in human lateral prefrontal cortex activity
Morinaga, K., Akiyoshi, J., Matsushita, H., Ichioka, S., Tanaka, Y., Tsuru, J., & Hanada, H. (2006) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2006.06.005 · Cited by 55
Sucrose Attenuates a Negative Electroencephalographic Response to an Aversive Stimulus for Newborns
FERNANDEZ, M., Blass, E. M., Hernandez‐Reif, M., Field, T. M., Diego, M., & SANDERS, C. (2003) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/00004703-200308000-00007 · Cited by 55
Early relationships and the development of children
Sroufe, L. A. (2000) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0355(200001/04)21:1/2 · Cited by 253
Emotional Responses to Visual Art and Commercial Stimuli: Implications for Creativity and Aesthetics
Cheung, M., Law, D., Yip, J. Y. W., & Wong, C. W. Y. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00014 · Cited by 58
“Different emotions are associated with different EEG patterns in the frontal regions of the brain (Ekman et al., 1990; Fox, 1991).”
BackgroundCromwell, H. C., Abe, N., Barrett, K. C., Caldwell‐Harris, C. L., Gendolla, G. H. E., Koncz, R., & Sachdev, P. S. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.02.032 · Cited by 57
“…processes associated with approach and inhibition, has been very successful in predicting concurrent emotions, as well as the development of psychopathology longitudinally (e.g., Fox, 1991; Fox, Henderson, Marshall, Nichols, & Ghera, 2005; Henderson, Pine, & Fox, 2015; White, et al., 2017).”
Classification of emotions using EEG activity associated with different areas of the brain
Agarwal, R., Andujar, M., & Canavan, S. J. (2022) · Pattern Recognition Letters · doi:10.1016/j.patrec.2022.08.018 · Cited by 52
Mismatch negativity in socially withdrawn children
Bar‐Haim, Y., Marshall, P. J., Fox, N. A., Schorr, E. A., & Gordon-Salant, S. M. (2003) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(03)00175-6 · Cited by 52
“This finding is seen in the framework of a model relating hemispheric asymmetry of activation in the frontal cortex to individual differences in the behavioral tendency to approach or withdraw in novel or unfamiliar situations (Fox 1991).”
BackgroundSelf-citationA Developmental Psychopathology Approach to the Prevention of Mental Health Disorders
Ialongo, N. S., Rogosch, F. A., Cicchetti, D., Toth, S. L., Buckley, J. A., Petras, H., & Neiderhiser, J. M. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470939383.ch24 · Cited by 54
Depression and familial risk for substance dependence:a P300 study of young women
Houston, R. J., Bauer, L. O., & HESSELBROCK, V. M. (2003) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/s0925-4927(03)00074-x · Cited by 50
What happens when we get angry? Hormonal, cardiovascular and asymmetrical brain responses
Sebastián, N. H., Gadea, M., Rodríguez-Alarcón, G., Espert, R., & Salvador, A. (2010) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.12.008 · Cited by 47
“…our findings on brain asymmetry using the DL test agree with the motivational direction model, which has posited that the left frontal brain region is involved in the experience and expression of approach-related emotions (Fox, 1991; Harmon-Jones et al., 2006; Sutton and Davidson, 1997) like anger.”
Frontal brain electrical asymmetry and cardiac vagal tone predict biased attention to social threat
Miskovic, V., & Schmidt, L. A. (2010) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2009.12.015 · Cited by 46
Adjustment to Chronic Disease: Progress and Promise in Research
Stanton, A. L., & Revenson, T. A. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195342819.013.0011 · Cited by 50
Right frontal EEG asymmetry and behavioral inhibition in infants of depressed mothers
Jones, N. A., Field, T. M., & Almeida, A. (2009) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2009.04.004 · Cited by 49
Something to sink your teeth into: The presence of teeth augments ERPs to mouth expressions
daSilva, E. B., Crager, K., Geisler, D., Newbern, P., Orem, B., & Puce, A. (2015) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.12.020 · Cited by 47
“This is consistent with the idea that, the right hemisphere is believed to play a particular role in emotion processing (Blonder et al., 1991; Bourne, 2010; Fox, 1989).”
Schmidt, L. A., Trainor, L. J., & Santesso, D. L. (2003) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/s0278-2626(03)00006-x · Cited by 44
“…because (a) both have been implicated on theoretical and empirical levels as brain-based measures of emotional regulatory processes (see, e.g., Fox, 1989, 1991, 1994; Porges, 1991), and (b) tracking the development of these measures may provide a window into the development of emotional…”
BackgroundSchmidt, L. A., Fox, N. A., & Hamer, D. H. (2007) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579407000569 · Cited by 48
“We have previously used an approach– withdrawal motivational heuristic to account for individual differences in temperament in children ( Fox, 1991, 1994 ) and personality in adults (Schmidt, 1999; Schmidt & Fox, 1999).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationChen, X., & Schmidt, L. A. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118963418.childpsy305 · Cited by 64
Howarth, G. Z., Fettig, N. B., Curby, T. W., & Bell, M. A. (2015) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12466 · Cited by 48
“Similarly, in response to emotional events or stimuli, greater left activation is typically evident during positive emotional states and greater right activation is typically evident during negative emotional states (Dawson, 1994; Fox, 1991).”
InfluentialAffective pictures processing is reflected by an increased long-distance EEG connectivity
Güntekin, B., Femir, B., GÖLBAŞI, B. T., Tülay, E. E., & Başar, E. (2017) · Cognitive Neurodynamics · doi:10.1007/s11571-017-9439-z · Cited by 44
Schmidt, L. A. (2007) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.08.001 · Cited by 44
Verbal pragmatics following unilateral stroke: Emotional content and valence.
Borod, J. C., Rorie, K. D., Pick, L. H., et al. (2000) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.14.1.112 · Cited by 44
Differential lateralization of trait anxiety and trait fearfulness: Evoked potential correlates
Dien, J. (1998) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(98)00144-5 · Cited by 43
Do You See What I See? Effectiveness of 360-Degree vs. 2D Video Ads Using a Neuroscience Approach
Ausin-Azofra, J. M., Bigne, E., Mafé, C. R., Marín‐Morales, J., Guixeres, J., & Alcañíz, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.612717 · Cited by 43
“…the present study we refer to approach-related tendencies (or left-hemispheric dominance) as “positive emotional reactions,” and withdrawalrelated tendencies (or right-hemisphere dominance) as “negative emotional reactions” (for a review, see: Fox, 1991; Davidson, 1993; Davidson and Rickman, 1999).”
BackgroundAffective facial and lexical expression in aprosodic versus aphasic stroke patients
Blonder, L. X., Heilman, K. M., Ketterson, T. U., Rosenbek, J. C., Raymer, A. M., Crosson, B., Maher, L. M., Glueckauf, R. L., & Rothi, L. J. G. (2005) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617705050794 · Cited by 43
Atzaba‐Poria, N., Deater-Deckard, K. D., & Bell, M. A. (2016) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12583 · Cited by 41
The relation between young children's physiological arousal and their motivation to help others
Hepach, R., Vaish, A., Müller, K., & Tomasello, M. (2017) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.10.010 · Cited by 41
“A further possible avenue for future research is to combine the measure of pupillary changes with other physiological variables, such as blood pressure (Gendolla, 1998) or neurophysiological variables of approachavoidance motivation (Fox, 1991; Harmon‐Jones, 2003).”
Frontal brain asymmetry, childhood maltreatment, and low-grade inflammation at midlife
Hostinar, C. E., Davidson, R. J., Graham, E. K., Mroczek, D. K., Lachman, M. E., Seeman, T. E., van Reekum, C. M., & Miller, G. E. (2016) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.10.026 · Cited by 40
“…that frontal right-hemisphere dominance has been associated with a trait-like bias toward negative affect (Coan and Allen, 2004; Davidson, 2004; Fox, 1991) and enhanced risk for depression and anxiety disorders (Davidson, 1998a; Fingelkurts and Fingelkurts, 2015; Jesulola et al., 2015;…”
Forbes, E. E., Shaw, D. S., Silk, J. S., Feng, X., Cohn, J. F., Fox, N. A., & Kovács, M. (2007) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9171-y · Cited by 41
“Frontal EEG asymmetry reflects underlying disposition to approach or withdraw from appealing or aversive stimuli (Davidson et al. 2000a; Fox 1991).”
BackgroundSelf-citationInfant physiological and behavioral responses to loss of maternal attention to a social-rival
Mize, K. D., & Jones, N. A. (2011) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.09.018 · Cited by 40
“Fox (1991) suggests that jealousy is an approach motivational state.”
BackgroundInfluentialFacial expressions and EEG in infants of intrusive and withdrawn mothers with depressive symptoms
Diego, M., Field, T. M., Hart, S., Hernandez‐Reif, M., Jones, N. A., Cullen, C., Schanberg, S. M., & Kuhn, C. (2002) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.1079 · Cited by 39
Diego, M., Field, T. M., & Hernandez‐Reif, M. (2001) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.1025 · Cited by 39
“In addition, greater relative right frontal EEG asymmetry may be related to negative emotionality (Fox, 1991), a finding consistent with the negative emotional valence proposed for withdrawal emotions and behavior (Gray, 1994).”
ResultElectroencephalogram patterns in infants of depressed mothers
Lusby, C. M., Goodman, S. H., Bell, M. A., & Newport, D. J. (2013) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21112 · Cited by 39
Autonomic responses of young passengers contingent to the speed and driving mode of a vehicle
Min, B.-C., Chung, S., Park, S. J., et al. (2002) · International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/s0169-8141(01)00059-2 · Cited by 39
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Infant Physiological and Behavioral Responses to a Jealousy Provoking Condition
Mize, K. D., Pineda, M., Blau, A. K., et al. (2014) · Infancy · doi:10.1111/infa.12046 · Cited by 37
Aggression and brain asymmetries: A theoretical review
Domínguez, P. R., & Ramírez, J. M. (2005) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2005.09.001 · Cited by 37
“Moreover, since the scientific literature indicates existence of brain asymmetries and laterality functioning (see: Fox, 1991), one could wonder whether there was any relation between these and aggression.”
BackgroundBiased attention to threat and anxiety: On taking a developmental approach
Burris, J. L., Buss, K. A., LoBue, V., Pérez‐Edgar, K. E., & Field, A. P. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.1177/2043808719860717 · Cited by 43
“Fox, N. A. (1991). If it’s not left, it’s right: Electroence-”
BackgroundInfluentialHemispheric asymmetries and gender influence Rembrandt's portrait orientations
Schirillo, J. A. (2000) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(00)00063-4 · Cited by 36
Maternal sensitivity and infant response to frustration: The moderating role of EEG asymmetry
Swingler, M. M., Perry, N. B., Calkins, S. D., & Bell, M. A. (2014) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2014.06.010 · Cited by 35
“…that the frontal lobes of the brain are differentially specialized for approach versus avoidance and that these tendencies influence the behaviors that children engage in when emotionally and behaviorally aroused (Davidson & Fox, 1982; Davidson, 1992; Fox, 1991, 1994, Henderson et al., 2001).”
BackgroundMusic Effects on EEG in Intrusive and Withdrawn Mothers with Depressive Symptoms
Tornek, A., Field, T. M., Hernandez‐Reif, M., Diego, M., & Jones, N. A. (2003) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1521/psyc.66.3.234.25157 · Cited by 35
“…EEG patterns with positive and negative emotions, others have suggested that positive and negative emotions and their corresponding EEG activation patterns should be considered under the broader, more overarching categor ies of approach-avoidance emotions (Fox 1991; Fox and Davidson 1984).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMissana, M., Grigutsch, M., & Großmann, T. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0093728 · Cited by 34
“with inhibition of exploration and most frequently related to negative affect [48].”
BackgroundJetha, M. K., Schmidt, L. A., & Goldberg, J. O. (2008) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.12.011 · Cited by 34
fMRI Scanner Noise Interaction with Affective Neural Processes
Skouras, S., Gray, M. A., Critchley, H., & Koelsch, S. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080564 · Cited by 35
“The visual, motor and auditory cortices are brain regions where effects can manifest due to emotional factors [32-38].”
BackgroundWeigand, A., Grimm, S., Astalosch, A., Guo, J. S., Briesemeister, B. B., Lisanby, S. H., Luber, B. M., & Bajbouj, M. (2013) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-013-3483-7 · Cited by 32
“However, hemispheric lateralization of emotion processing may be organized along a dimension different from positive and negative valence, as growing evidence indicates that the left prefrontal cortex also processes anger, a negatively valenced emotion that is associated with approach motivation (Fox 1991; HarmonJones…”
BackgroundMapping the time course of the positive classification advantage: An ERP study
Liu, X., Liao, Y., Zhou, L., Sun, G., Li, M., & Zhao, L. (2013) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-013-0158-6 · Cited by 33
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Physiological Evaluation on Emotional Change Induced by Imagination
Min, Y., Chung, S.-C., & Min, B.-C. (2005) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1007/s10484-005-4310-0 · Cited by 30
Trajectories of frontal brain activity and socio‐emotional development in children
Poole, K. L., Santesso, D. L., Lieshout, R. J. V., & Schmidt, L. A. (2018) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21620 · Cited by 31
Jealousy increased by induced relative left frontal cortical activity.
Kelley, N. J., Eastwick, P. W., Harmon‐Jones, E., & Schmeichel, B. J. (2015) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000068 · Cited by 30
“Relative left frontal cortical activity has been considered a neural correlate of approach motivation (Davidson, 1995; Fox, 1991; Harmon-Jones & Allen, 1997, 1998; Sutton & Davidson, 1997; see review by Harmon-Jones, Gable, & Peterson, 2010), so the results of Harmon-Jones et al. (2009); Peterson…”
Smith, C. L., Diaz, A., Day, K. L., & Bell, M. A. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2015.09.031 · Cited by 34
“According to a model proposed by Fox (1991, 1994), frontal EEG patterns may be early markers for children’s later regulation skills.”
Lahat, A., Tang, A., Tanaka, M., Lieshout, R. J. V., MacMillan, H. L., & Schmidt, L. A. (2018) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13060 · Cited by 30
Liberati, G., Federici, S., & Pasqualotto, E. (2015) · Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.3233/nre-151266 · Cited by 29
“In particular, the left frontal lobe appears to be involved in the experience of positive valence, and the right frontal lobe in the experience of negative valence (Crabbe, Smith, & Dishman, 2007; Davidson, 1992; Fox, 1991; Müller, Keil, Gruber, & Elbert, 1999; Schmidt & Trainor, 2001).”
BackgroundNeonatal brainstem dysfunction after preterm birth predicts behavioral inhibition
Geva, R., Schreiber, J., Segal‐Caspi, L., & Markus‐Shiffman, M. (2013) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12188 · Cited by 30
“These findings may compliment frameworks that highlight the motivational avoidance component of BI (Davidson, 1992; Fox, 1991).”
BackgroundPowell, W. R., & Schirillo, J. A. (2011) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2010.515709 · Cited by 29
“…of the left/right differences in emotion valence is that the right cerebral hemisphere regulates withdrawal behaviours whereas the left cerebral hemisphere regulates approach behaviours (Davidson, 1984, 1992, 1995; Davidson, Ekman, Saron, Senuluis, & Friesen, 1990; Fox, 1991; Kinsbourne, 1982).”
BackgroundSchmidt, L. A., Côté, K. A., Santesso, D. L., & Milner, C. E. (2003) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.3.4.401 · Cited by 29
“A similar relation between resting frontal EEG asymmetry and affective style has been noted in studies of EEG and temperament in infants and children (see, e.g., Fox, 1991; Fox, Henderson, Rubin, Calkins, & Schmidt, 2001, for reviews).”
BackgroundLusby, C. M., Goodman, S. H., Yeung, E. W., Bell, M. A., & Stowe, Z. N. (2016) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579416000614 · Cited by 28
“Specifically, temperament NA and right frontal EEG asymmetry are measures of highly related systems, with both being understood to reflect tendencies toward behavioral withdrawal (e.g., Fox, 1991; Rothbart & Derryberry, 1981).”
BackgroundA framework for understanding experiential deficits in schizophrenia
Cohen, A. S., Minor, K. S., & Najolia, G. M. (2010) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2009.11.016 · Cited by 28
“This distinctness is preserved in the cortex, with a left frontal system involved in approach/pleasurable emotion and a right frontal system involved in avoidance/negative emotion (Davidson et al., 1990; Fox and Bell, 1990; Fox, 1991; Davidson, 2003).”
BackgroundREM sleep dream mentation in right hemispherectomized patients
McCormick, L., Nielsen, T., Ptito, M., Hassainia, F., Ptito, A., Villemure, J., Vera, C., & Montplaisir, J. Y. (1997) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(96)00113-3 · Cited by 28
Wang, L., Wang, C., Li, C., Murai, T., Bai, Y., Song, Z., Zhang, S., Zhang, Q., Huang, Y., Bi, X., et al. (2025) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-025-01933-3 · Cited by 33
“Several EEG studies have identi fi ed a link between hemispheric asymmetry in the cortical frontal regions and depressive symptoms 108 .”
Proximal Foundations of Jealousy: Expectations of Exclusivity in the Infant’s First Year of Life
Hart, S. (2016) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073915615431 · Cited by 28
“This pattern of neural activity has been associated with approach emotions, including anger in infants (Fox, 1991; He et al., 2010), and jealousy in adults (Harmon-Jones, Peterson, & Harris, 2009).”
BackgroundTang, A., Miskovic, V., Lahat, A., Tanaka, M. N., MacMillan, H. L., Lieshout, R. J. V., & Schmidt, L. A. (2017) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21585 · Cited by 27
Hernandez‐Reif, M., Diego, M., & Field, T. M. (2006) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2006.07.008 · Cited by 27
Demerdzieva, A., & Pop-Jordanova, N. D. (2015) · PRILOZI · doi:10.1515/prilozi-2015-0064 · Cited by 26
Hart, S., & Behrens, K. Y. (2012) · Infancy · doi:10.1111/j.1532-7078.2012.00123.x · Cited by 25
Neurophysiology uncovers secrets of TV commercials
Ohme, R. K., Matukin, M., & Szczurko, T. (2010) · der markt · doi:10.1007/s12642-010-0034-7 · Cited by 25
Shifts in frontal asymmetry underlying impulsive and controlled decision-making
Neal, L., & Gable, P. A. (2018) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.11.002 · Cited by 29
“Greater relative left frontal asymmetry as measured by EEG has been linked to approach motivation and appetitive responses (Davidson, 1992; Fox, 1991; Harmon-Jones & Allen, 1997; HarmonJones & Gable, 2018).”
Gender Differences in Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder
Leibenluft, E. (1999) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852900012335 · Cited by 25
“Electroencephalography (EEG) studies have indicated that activity in the left frontal regions may be associated with "approach" behaviors and emotions (eg, interest, anger, and joy), while right-sided frontal activity may be associated with "withdrawal" behaviors and emotions (eg, disgust, fear, and sadness).(26) Thus…”
BackgroundBauer, L. O., & HESSELBROCK, V. M. (2002) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2002.tb02468.x · Cited by 25
Long‐term stability in children's frontal EEG alpha asymmetry between 14‐months and 83‐months
Müller, B. C. N., Kühn‐Popp, N., Meinhardt, J., Sodian, B., & Paulus, M. (2015) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2015.01.002 · Cited by 24
“These findings could be extended to child temperament and behavior (Baving et al., 2003; Davidson and Fox 1989; Fox, 1991; McManis et al., 2002; Shankman et al., 2003, 2005).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Fox, N. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- Corresponding author
- Fox, Nathan A.
- ORCID
- Fox, Nathan A.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 1991
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 863-872
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2008065461
- Cited by
- 438
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 4.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD 17899)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hemispheric Asymmetry in Neuroscience
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- emotional development, frontal lobe asymmetry, approach-avoidance behavior, motor programs, facial expressions, infants, temperament, EEG variability, stimulus evaluation
- MeSH terms
- Cerebral Cortex, Dominance, Cerebral, Emotions, Facial Expression, Humans, Individuality, Temperament
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