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The effectiveness of psychotherapy: the Consumer Reports study
Abstract
Consumer Reports (1995, November) published an article which concluded that patients benefited very substantially from psychotherapy, that long-term treatment did considerably better than short-term treatment, and that psychotherapy alone did not differ in effectiveness from medication plus psychotherapy. Furthermore, no specific modality of psychotherapy did better than any other for any disorder; psychologists, psychiatrists, and social workers did not differ in their effectiveness as treaters; and all did better than marriage counselors and long-term family doctoring. Patients whose length of therapy or choice of therapist was limited by insurance or managed care did worse. The methodological virtues and drawbacks of this large-scale survey are examined and contrasted with the more traditional efficacy study, in which patients are randomized into a manualized, fixed duration treatment or into control groups. I conclude that the Consumer Reports survey complements the efficacy method, and that the best features of these two methods can be combined into a more ideal method that will best provide empirical validation of psychotherapy.
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“Psychological interventions have a long history of success in management of both mental illness and chronic medical symptoms and conditions, including depression, migraine headache, chronic pain, and inflammatory bowel disease [1, 2].”
From Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: A Transdiagnostic Behavioral Intervention for Mental Health and Medical Conditions. (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
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“The famous research by Martin E.P. Seligman (1995) on the effectiveness of therapy, conducted using consumer reports (CR), was in line with the second approach.”
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“So, it has effectiveness, if not proved efficacy ( Seligman, 1995 ).”
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“Seligman (1991, 1995) drew attention to the possibility that a patient may believe that a particular treatment would be beneficial and that this belief may affect commitment and adherence to the treatment, therefore contributing to a better outcome.”
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“Seligman (1995) suggested that the methodology in effectiveness studies may be improved by prospective rather than retrospective survey, and by inclusion of well-normed questionnaires.”
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“…clients are matched to treatments achieve high internal validity by maximizing experimental control, but they do so at the expense external validity or generalizability of findings (Finney, Hahn & Moos, 1996; McKay, Alterman, McLellan, Snider, & O'Brien 1995; Moos & Finney, 1983; Seligman, 1995).”
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“Fourth, a grounded theory approach allows an investigation of practice with the ability to respond to unexpected events, that is, we can improvise to meet participants’ needs (Seligman, 1995).”
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“This consists largely of “uncontrolled” but valuable service reports summarising clients’ experiences of therapy, as well as the observations of general practice doctors (Hemmings, 2000; Seligman, 1995).”
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“The problem is that counselling in clinical practice contains a number of important elements that may not be accounted for in RCTs. Seligman (1995) has noted the following: 1) The therapy is not always of fixed duration.”
BackgroundThe framing of knowledge and practice in psychology: A response to john
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“There are few, if any exclusion criteria, so that a wide range of psychopathological conditions, including multiple disorders, tend to be included for investigation, and treatment is administered as needed according to the practitioner’s judgment (Seligman, 1995; Doidge, 1997).”
BackgroundMethodMental Health Promotion in the Schools: Supporting Resilience in Children and Youth
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“There is some support for the method of retrospective assessment (see Nielsen et al., 2004; Owen, Smith et al., 2009; Owen, Wong et al., 2009; Seligman, 1995), and the alliance-outcome correlation in”
MethodResultInfluentialPraxisorientierte Forschung in der Psychotherapie
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Psychodynamic Psychotherapy: An Effectiveness Study
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“In fact, its author (Seligman, 1995) called for the next research in this area to look beyond such self-report and to use more empirical measures of symptom change.”
BackgroundEffektivität von Psychotherapie
Hartmann, S. (2002) · Forum der Psychoanalyse · doi:10.1007/s00451-002-0121-6 · Cited by 10
Promotion of empirically validated psychotherapies in counselling psychology
King, N. J., & Heyne, D. A. (2000) · Counselling Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1080/09515070050011024 · Cited by 9
“There is growing recognition that controlled trials may not capture the full richness and variability of actual clinical practice (Seligman, 1995).”
BackgroundTechnology, theory, and the alleviation of human suffering: We still have such a long way to go
Hayes, S. (1997) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(97)80007-x · Cited by 10
Persons, J. B. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/eud8g · Cited by 10
Selinheimo, S., Vuokko, A., Hublin, C., Järnefelt, H., Karvala, K., Sainio, M., Suojalehto, H., & Paunio, T. (2020) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.109962 · Cited by 9
Velten, J., Christiansen, H., Hoyer, J., In‐Albon, T., Lincoln, T. M., Lutz, W., Margraf, J., Schöttke, H., Stark, R. M., Werheid, K., et al. (2025) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2025.104691 · Cited by 9
Pepping, C. A., Cronin, T. J., & Davis, A. W. (2025) · Sexuality Research and Social Policy · doi:10.1007/s13178-024-01065-5 · Cited by 11
“To the best of our knowledge, this measure has not been used with TNB samples previously, though it has been used in prior studies of adults seeking mental health support (Farh-all et al., 2022; Seligman, 1995), including sexual minority adults (Davis et al., 2022).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Seligman, M. E. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- Seligman, Martin E. P.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 1995-12
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 965-974
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2121827944
- Cited by
- 1,608
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 59 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 54 · 2014: 46 · 2013: 57 · 2012: 75
- FWCI
- 75.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 19604)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Counseling, Therapy, and Family Dynamics
- Keywords
- psychotherapy effectiveness, psychotherapy outcome, managed care, efficacy studies, randomized controlled trials, treatment comparison
- MeSH terms
- Consumer Behavior, Humans, Managed Care Programs, Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care, Psychotherapy, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Treatment Outcome
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