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The effectiveness of psychotherapy: the Consumer Reports study
Abstract
Consumer Reports (1995, November) published an article which concluded that patients benefited very substantially from psychotherapy, that long-term treatment did considerably better than short-term treatment, and that psychotherapy alone did not differ in effectiveness from medication plus psychotherapy. Furthermore, no specific modality of psychotherapy did better than any other for any disorder; psychologists, psychiatrists, and social workers did not differ in their effectiveness as treaters; and all did better than marriage counselors and long-term family doctoring. Patients whose length of therapy or choice of therapist was limited by insurance or managed care did worse. The methodological virtues and drawbacks of this large-scale survey are examined and contrasted with the more traditional efficacy study, in which patients are randomized into a manualized, fixed duration treatment or into control groups. I conclude that the Consumer Reports survey complements the efficacy method, and that the best features of these two methods can be combined into a more ideal method that will best provide empirical validation of psychotherapy.
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“Psychological interventions have a long history of success in management of both mental illness and chronic medical symptoms and conditions, including depression, migraine headache, chronic pain, and inflammatory bowel disease [1, 2].”
From Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: A Transdiagnostic Behavioral Intervention for Mental Health and Medical Conditions. (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
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“Flujo de la Evidencia, Daset L.R. (en prensa) Para los Sistemas la fi nalidad es clara, incorporar listado de tratamientos en sus programas que se caractericen por su efi cacia, efi ciencia y efectividad (Barlow, 1996; Becoña et al., 2004; Moriana y Martínez, 2011; Seligman, 1995; Shapiro, 1996).”
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“One psychotherapy investigation using such criteria that has stood the test of time and been cited in the literature more than any other is the classic Consumer Reports study (Seligman, 1995).”
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“Seligman (1995), who had earlier supported efficacy studies as the ideal, said, I no longer believe that efficacy studies are the only, or even the best, way of finding out what treatments actually work in the field.”
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“…criteria of treatment efficacy proposed by the 12th Division of the APA (Chambless et al., 1998) have received much criticism due to the difficulty of generalizing the results of the randomized clinical trials (RCTs) on which they are based (Rodríguez, 2004; Seligman, 1995; Shadish et al., 1997).”
BackgroundWhat's needed now: Using groups for prevention
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“Group work has been proven to be at least as effective as individual service (Seligman, 1995; Spitz, 1996) and even more so with certain Pamela C. Owens, LPC, NCC, is a doctoral student a t the University of Cincinnati in the counseling program and program director with Queen CityMitchell Mental…”
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Efficacité et efficience des psychotropes
Azorin, J., Naudin, J., & Kaladjian, A. (2002) · L Évolution Psychiatrique · doi:10.1016/s0014-3855(02)00108-1 · Cited by 6
Lomazzi, L., Fava, E. D., Landra, S., et al. (1997) · Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale · doi:10.1017/s1121189x00005030 · Cited by 6
“Altri studi (Seligman, 1995; Coursey et al., 1995; Pazzi et al., 1996) cercano di realizzare lo stesso obiettivo partendo dall'analisi del punto di vista dei pazienti che ricevono qualche forma di trattamento psicoterapico in strutture pubbliche.”
BackgroundEffects of counselors' etiology attributions on college students' procrastination.
Cook, P. F. (2000) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.47.3.352 · Cited by 6
Murphy, C. M., & Dienemann, J. A. (1999) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/088626099014012006 · Cited by 6
Introduction to a special section on practice-based research and counselling psychology
Henton, I. (2020) · Counselling Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1080/09515070.2019.1570081 · Cited by 7
“efficacy and effectiveness, PBR often refers to research carried out in real world or naturalistic psychotherapy contexts as opposed to experimental research contexts (Barkham, Stiles, Lambert, & Mellor-Clark, 2010; Seligman, 1995).”
BackgroundMcWilliams, N., & Weinberger, J. L. (2003) · Handbook of Psychology · doi:10.1002/0471264385.wei0810 · Cited by 8
Metadata
- Authors
- Seligman, M. E. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- Seligman, Martin E. P.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 1995-12
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 965-974
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2121827944
- Cited by
- 1,608
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 59 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 54 · 2014: 46 · 2013: 57 · 2012: 75
- FWCI
- 75.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 19604)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Counseling, Therapy, and Family Dynamics
- Keywords
- psychotherapy effectiveness, psychotherapy outcome, managed care, efficacy studies, randomized controlled trials, treatment comparison
- MeSH terms
- Consumer Behavior, Humans, Managed Care Programs, Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care, Psychotherapy, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Treatment Outcome
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