Birth order: Reconciling conflicting effects
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Decreasing family sizes may lead to increasing mean intelligence test scores due to birth order effects, as intelligence test scores decrease with increasing birth order because parents have less time and resources per child.
“As intelligence test scores have been found to decrease with increasing birth order because parents have less time and resources to spend on each child, populations’ decreasing family sizes may lead to increasing mean intelligence test scores simply due to the larger proportion of firstborn children.”
From The secular trend of intelligence test scores: The Danish experience for young men born between 1940 and 2000 (2021) · cites this paper as [22]
Cites
Bruner, J. (1996) · doi:10.4159/9780674251083 · Cited by 6,231 · see citing works
How Much Can We Boost IQ and Scholastic Achievement
Jensen, A. (1969) · Harvard Educational Review · doi:10.17763/haer.39.1.l3u15956627424k7 · Cited by 2,907 · see citing works
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Contrasts and Correlations in Effect-Size Estimation
Rosnow, R. L., Rosenthal, R., & Rubin, D. B. (2000) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00287 · Cited by 513 · see citing works
One Century of Global IQ Gains: A Formal Meta-Analysis of the Flynn Effect (1909–2013)
Pietschnig, J., & Voracek, M. (2015) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691615577701 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Wicherts, J. M., Dolan, C. V., Carlson, J. S., & van der Maas, H. L. J. (2010) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2009.12.001 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Aptitude development and education.
Snow, R. E. (1996) · Psychology, Public Policy, and Law · doi:10.1037/1076-8971.2.3-4.536 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Hegelund, E. R., Teasdale, T. W., Okholm, G. T., Osler, M., Sørensen, T. I. A., Christensen, K., & Mortensen, E. L. (2021) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0261117 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
- Authors
- Zajonc, R. B., & Mullally, P. R.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 1997-07
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 685-699
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2041207826
- Cited by
- 136
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 21.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Demography › Family Dynamics and Relationships
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies
- Keywords
- birth order, sibling position, sibling effects, personality development
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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