Cited by 447Smoking Behavior and CessationSubstance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesPrenatal Substance Exposure Effects

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Does cigarette smoking cause stress?

Parrott, Andy C.·1999·American Psychologist

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Abstract

Smokers often report that cigarettes help relieve feelings of stress. However, the stress levels of adult smokers are slightly higher than those of nonsmokers, adolescent smokers report increasing levels of stress as they develop regular patterns of smoking, and smoking cessation leads to reduced stress. Far from acting as an aid for mood control, nicotine dependency seems to exacerbate stress. This is confirmed in the daily mood patterns described by smokers, with normal moods during smoking and worsening moods between cigarettes. Thus, the apparent relaxant effect of smoking only reflects the reversal of the tension and irritability that develop during nicotine depletion. Dependent smokers need nicotine to remain feeling normal. The message that tobacco use does not alleviate stress but actually increases it needs to be far more widely known. It could help those adult smokers who wish to quit and might prevent some schoolchildren from starting.

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Authors: Parrott, A. C.
Affiliations: University of East London (GB)
Corresponding author: Parrott, Andy C.
Venue: American Psychologist
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1999
Volume: 54
Issue: 10
Pages: 817-820
ISSN: 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
1935-990X
DOI: 10.1037/0003-066x.54.10.817
OpenAlex: W1991568126
Cited by: 447
References: 30
Citations by year: 2026: 11 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 23
FWCI: 6.90
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
Keywords: cigarette smoking, stress, nicotine dependence, smoking cessation, adolescent smoking, mood, tobacco use, smoking cessation counseling
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Affect, Humans, Patient Education as Topic, Smoking, Stress, Psychological, Tobacco Use Disorder

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