The DOI matches its Crossref record; 30 of the 30 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Does cigarette smoking cause stress?
Abstract
Smokers often report that cigarettes help relieve feelings of stress. However, the stress levels of adult smokers are slightly higher than those of nonsmokers, adolescent smokers report increasing levels of stress as they develop regular patterns of smoking, and smoking cessation leads to reduced stress. Far from acting as an aid for mood control, nicotine dependency seems to exacerbate stress. This is confirmed in the daily mood patterns described by smokers, with normal moods during smoking and worsening moods between cigarettes. Thus, the apparent relaxant effect of smoking only reflects the reversal of the tension and irritability that develop during nicotine depletion. Dependent smokers need nicotine to remain feeling normal. The message that tobacco use does not alleviate stress but actually increases it needs to be far more widely known. It could help those adult smokers who wish to quit and might prevent some schoolchildren from starting.
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“However, despite smokers stating that they smoke to cope with stress, higher levels of stress have been found among smokers, 104 which then declines with smoking cessation.105”
From Evaluating Long-term Outcomes of NHS Stop Smoking Services (ELONS): a prospective cohort study (2015) · cites this paper as [104]
Citations
Cites
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Addiction motivation reformulated: an affective processing model of negative reinforcement
Baker, T. B., Piper, M. E., McCarthy, D. E., Majeskie, M. R., & Fiore, M. C. (2004) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.111.1.33 · Cited by 2,162
Socioeconomic Disparities in Health Behaviors
Pampel, F. C., Krueger, P. M., & Denney, J. T. (2010) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.012809.102529 · Cited by 1,944
Smoking, stress, and negative affect: Correlation, causation, and context across stages of smoking.
Kassel, J. D., Stroud, L. R., & Paronis, C. A. (2003) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.2.270 · Cited by 1,109
Change in mental health after smoking cessation: systematic review and meta-analysis
Taylor, G., McNeill, A., Girling, A., Farley, A., Lindson-Hawley, N., & Aveyard, P. (2014) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.g1151 · Cited by 1,039
Relationships between perceived stress and health behaviors in a sample of working adults
Ng, D. M., & Jeffery, R. W. (2003) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.22.6.638 · Cited by 663
Metadata
- Authors
- Parrott, A. C.
- Affiliations
- University of East London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Parrott, Andy C.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 1999
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 817-820
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W1991568126
- Cited by
- 447
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 6.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
- Keywords
- cigarette smoking, stress, nicotine dependence, smoking cessation, adolescent smoking, mood, tobacco use, smoking cessation counseling
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Affect, Humans, Patient Education as Topic, Smoking, Stress, Psychological, Tobacco Use Disorder
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