Processing time declines exponentially during childhood and adolescence

“There is also evidence of a general processing speed factor that changes with age (Kail, 1991), and that primary memory capacity changes with age (Halford, Maybery & Bain, 1988).”

“Processing speed was assessed with a computerized RT task, where the child was asked to respond to a centrically presented stimulus as quickly as possible (Kail, 1991; Roebers & Kauer, 2009; Schmid et al., 2008).”

“2.2.5 Speed of Information Processing As a control variable, speed of information processing was assessed with a computerized Reaction Time task (Kail, 1991; Loher et al., 2012; Roebers & Kauer, 2009).”

“Age has been found to improve children’s ability to respond to speeded tasks and their ability to understand instructions on other performance measures (Despres et al., 2005; Kail, 1991; Rival et al., 2003b).”

“Furthermore, the present results replicate the finding that SRTs decrease throughout development (Bronson, 1982; Canfield et al., 1997; Daum & Gredebäck, 2011a; Gredebäck, Örnkloo, & Hofsten, 2006) due to a general increase in processing speed across development (Kail, 1991).”

“1c; R = 0.32; p= 0.03), which is consistent with previous studies reporting reductions in RT as a function of age (Kail, 1991a,b; Kwon et al., 2002).”

“Speed of processing increases from childhood to adulthood, but then declines after midlife (Cerella & Hale, 1994; Jenkins, Myerson, Joerding, & Hale, 2000; Kail, 1991a, 1991b; Nettelbeck & Burns, 2010).”

“…the magnitude of associative and coordinate effects across participants irrespective of individual and group differences in speed of processing (Kail, 1991, 1992; Miller, Kail, Leonard & Tomblin, 2001), we Z transformed each participant’s 20 condition means (Faust, Balota, Spieler, & Ferraro,…”

“Kail (1991a) illustrated his global-mechanism hypothesis using a cycle time analogy.”

“This is consistent with previous research examining performance on cognitive tests (Kail, 1991; Rival, et al., 2004).”

“Because children often sacrifice cognitive performance for motor skills, they do not have adult-like perceptions or reactions until approximately the age of 14 (13, 14).”

“This finding is in line with the increased processing speed of cognitive information with age that has been reported for many other cognitive tasks (Kail, 1991a, 1991b).”

“In addition, previous research suggests that developmental trends can be assessed by measuring RTs (Kail, 1991; Kiselev, Espy, & Sheffield, 2009; Ridderinkhof, van der Molen, Band, Bashore, 1997); for example, Kiselev et al. (2009) investigated performance in RT tasks in 4- to 6-year-olds.”

“As in many studies of children’s reaction times (e.g., Kail, 1991), Brooks and MacWhinney found that mean reaction times were faster for adults than for children.”

“Additionally, each child’s distribution of RT latencies was examined for outliers, as removal of outliers is common in RT studies to reduce the effect of uncharacteristically quick or slow responses (e.g., Kail, 1991; Montgomery 2008).”

“The discipline involved in schooling appears to increase alertness (Kail, 1991) and response latencies as reflected by alpha EEG activity (Cole & Cole, 1996, p.”

“Basic reaction time task As a measure of basic information processing speed (control variable), a computerized task adapted from Kail (1991) was used.”

“Developmentally, reaction time measures of task performance show a regular decrease across a variety of information processing domains, for example letter-name retrieval [25,27], mental rotation [27,28]), memory search [25,27], and numerical calculation [28].”

“This general program content was expected to have been encoded by viewers even at the youngest age at exposure targeted here (Kail, 1991, 1997; Lindberg, 1980).”

“This last result agree with previous findings in other types of speeded tasks in which response time was found to decrease significantly with age from childhood to adolescence and adulthood (Kail, 1991).”

“Onderzoek heeft aangetoond dat kinderen informatie sneller verwerken naarmate ze ouder worden, waardoor neuropsychologische taken beter worden uitgevoerd (Hale, 1990; Kail, 1991a, 1991b, 1993).”

“This notion is supported by earlier reports of an increase in processing speed with age in tasks other than visual search, such as simple mental calculations and image matching (Kail, 1991a, 1991b).”

“Processing speed is usually found to improve with age in children (Fry & Hale, 1996, 2000; Hale, 1990; Kail, 1986, 1991a, 1991b, 1992; Kail & Hall, 1994; Kail & Park, 1992, 1994; Kail & Salthouse, 1994; Nettlebeck, 1987; Nettlebeck & Wilson, 1985), though this is not uncontested (M. Anderson, 2017;…”

“Even for RT measures that do not exact demands on executive processes, there is a protracted period of development for the coordination of simple stimulus-appropriate actions (Cepedaet al., 2013;Kail, 1991;Kail et al., 2016).”

“…that have utilized speeded dual motor component tasks (time measurements) namely; perceptual motor tasks, the Tapping task, the Pegboard task, (Kail, 1991b) naming speed tasks, the coding task from WISC (Kail and Hall, 1994), RAN (Neuhaus et al., 2001), and response time tasks (Miller and…”

“The time required to execute cognitive processes declines steadily during childhood and adolescence (Kail, 1991b).”

“…observe what is known as the ‘power law of practice’, the regularity found in many cases of skill learning that the logarithm of reaction time decreases with the logarithm of experience across participants ( Snoddy, 1926 ; Kail, 1991 ; Anderson, 1982 ; Heathcote et al., 2000 ; Evans et al., 2018 ).”

“This agrees with the study of Kail (1991) in which participants from 7.5 to 21 years old carried out different processing speed tasks, including a perceptual-motor task.”

“Previous studies have showed the processing speed which is usually measured by simple/ choice reaction time (Kail, 1991a; Kail, 1991b; Tourva & Spanoudis, 2020), visual matching (Clark et al., 2014; Fry & Hale, 2010; Woodcock et al., 2001), shape classification and visual search (Fry & Hale, 2010)…”

“The presence of a true zero in each of these variables means that they can be log transformed, which is critical for capturing the shape of their growth over development ( 24 , 25 ).”

“Increase in speed of processing helps to improve working memory span (Cowan, 1997; Kail, 1991b; Fry & Hale, 1996).”

“Most of the pioneering literature investigating the development of global and domain-specific processing speed compared RTs across different tasks (Hale 1990; Kail 1991a, 1991b; Kail and Miller 2006; Miller and Vernon 1997).”

“These adjustments are motivated by group dierences in sensorimotor speed, working memory, auditory or visual acuity, etc., (Cerella, 1990; Conway et al., 2003; Denckla, 1996; Jacobson et al., 2011; Kail, 1991; Owsley, 2016; Salthouse, 1996; Verhaeghen and Cerella, 2008; Wingfield et al., 2005).”

“…信息加工速度有着极其重要的作用(Salthouse, 2000)，不仅是重要的认知加工资源来源之一，也是思 维、智力等能力的一个关键成分(Kail, 2000)，保证多重认知操作得以顺利实现。因为个体加工速度的差…”