I. NIH TOOLBOX COGNITION BATTERY (CB): INTRODUCTION AND PEDIATRIC DATA

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Oral reading proficiency is a marker of educational opportunity in minority populations and can be used to adjust for group differences when comparing individuals of different ethnic and racial backgrounds.

“Oral reading proficiency also is a marker of educational opportunity in minority populations and can be used to adjust for group differences when comparing individuals of different ethnic and racial backgrounds (Manly, Byrd, Touradji, & Stern, 2004; Manly et al., 1999).”

• cites Manly, Byrd, Touradji, & Stern, 2004 sourceSupported
• cites Manly et al., 1999 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The process resulted in a focus on executive function and attention, episodic memory, language, working memory, and processing speed.

“The process resulted in a focus on (1) executive function and attention, (2) episodic memory, (3) language, (4) working memory, and (5) processing speed.”

May combine two claims.

The information gathered from experts allowed identification of cognitive domains ranked in order of their importance as judged by experts, and determination of desirable characteristics for the final instruments.

“The information gathered from experts allowed us to identify cognitive domains ranked in order of their importance as judged by experts, and to determine the characteristics that would be desirable for the final instruments.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The construct represented in the CB is the simple reaction time required to make a same-different comparison between two visually presented stimuli.

“The construct represented in the CB is the simple reaction time required to make a same-different comparison between two visually presented stimuli (see Carlozzi, Tulsky, Kail, & Beaumont, Chapter 6, this volume).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

When language development is delayed, the impact on further skill acquisition and academic progress can be profound.

“Indeed, when language development is delayed, the impact on further skill acquisition and academic progress can be profound (e.g., Dickinson, Golinkoff, & Hirsh-Pasek, 2010; Gleason & Ratner, 2009).”

• cites Dickinson, Golinkoff, & Hirsh-Pasek, 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Gleason & Ratner, 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

EF deficits are seen in patients with acquired focal damage to prefrontal cortex who experience profound impairment in behavioral regulation despite the preservation of many basic intellectual functions.

“EF deficits are seen in patients with acquired focal damage to prefrontal cortex who experience profound impairment in behavioral regulation despite the preservation of many basic intellectual functions (see Stuss & Knight, 2002).”

• cites Stuss & Knight, 2002Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Auditory single word comprehension develops prior to overt speech usage in hearing individuals.

“Auditory single word comprehension develops prior to overt speech usage in hearing individuals (Fenson et al., 1994).”

• cites Fenson et al., 1994 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Episodic memory is susceptible to a variety of diseases, including encephalitis and temporolimbic epilepsy, and, in adulthood, Alzheimer's disease.

“This subdomain shows dramatic changes over the first two decades of life (see Bauer, Larkina, & Deocampo, 2011, for a review) and is also susceptible to a variety of diseases, including encephalitis and temporolimbic epilepsy, and, in adulthood, Alzheimer’s disease (e.g., see Weintraub, Wicklund, & Salmon, 2012).”

• cites Weintraub, Wicklund, & Salmon, 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Episodic memory for single object-specific actions is apparent in infants in the first year of life.

“Episodic memory for single object-specific actions is apparent in infants in the first year of life (e.g., Carver & Bauer, 1999).”

• cites Carver & Bauer, 1999Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The CB is available at low cost to researchers for use in large-scale longitudinal and epidemiologic studies.

“The CB is unique in its continuity across childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, and old age, and in order to help create a common currency among disparate studies, it is also available at low cost to researchers for use in large-scale longitudinal and epidemiologic studies.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The CB is unique in its continuity across childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, and old age.

“The CB is unique in its continuity across childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, and old age, and in order to help create a common currency among disparate studies, it is also available at low cost to researchers for use in large-scale longitudinal and epidemiologic studies.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

EF can be divided into three partially independent components: cognitive flexibility, inhibitory control, and working memory.

“Recent factor-analytic work with adults suggests that EF can be divided into three partially independent components: cognitive flexibility, inhibitory control, and working memory (Miyake et al., 2000).”

• cites Miyake et al., 2000 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In children, impairments in EF or delays in its development have been linked to ADHD, autism spectrum disorders, Conduct Disorder, and other psychiatric conditions and symptoms.

“In children, impairments in EF or delays in its development have been linked to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (Doyle, 2006), autism spectrum disorders, Conduct Disorder, and other psychiatric conditions and symptoms.”

• cites Doyle, 2006Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Working memory is a component of executive function.

“Although working memory is a component of executive function (e.g., Miyake et al., 2000), it is often studied on its own, or as a type of memory.”

• cites Miyake et al., 2000 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The subdomains of executive function and attention are described together because one of the EF measures is also a measure of selective attention.

“The subdomains of executive function (EF) and attention are described together because one of the EF measures is also a measure of selective attention.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Disorders such as dyslexia hinder otherwise talented individuals from achieving educational and career goals.

“Disorders such as dyslexia hinder otherwise talented individuals from achieving educational and career goals (e.g., Meisinger, Bloom, & Hynd, 2010; Ziegler et al., 2008).”

• cites Meisinger, Bloom, & Hynd, 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Ziegler et al., 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

A systematic, research-based process was followed to select the subdomains for assessment.

“A systematic, research-based process was followed to select the subdomains for assessment.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The NIH Toolbox was conceived as an instrument for the systematic collection of data on cognitive, emotional, sensory, and motor health across disparate studies.

“The NIH Toolbox was conceived as an instrument for the systematic collection of data on cognitive, emotional, sensory, and motor health across disparate studies.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The CB team derived criteria for validation studies, including acceptable levels of test-retest reliability and convergent and discriminant validity.

“During that meeting, the CB team derived criteria for validation studies, including acceptable levels of test–retest reliability and convergent and discriminant validity.”

May combine two claims.

Mental processing time can be separated from motor response time, and it varies with the number of mental operations required by a given task.

“Although PS paradigms often are based on motor reaction time, Sternberg’s (1966) elegant paradigm demonstrated that mental processing time can be separated from motor response time, and that it varies with the number of mental operations required by a given task.”

• cites Sternberg, 1966 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Eligible participants were 3-85 years of age and sample recruitment was distributed across age, gender, race, and education strata.

“Eligible participants were 3–85 years of age and sample recruitment was distributed across age, gender, race, and education strata.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Developing instruments for use across the broad age range of 3-85 years presented significant challenges.

“Developing instruments for use across the broad age range of 3–85 years presented significant challenges.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Not all ages were sampled in this study.

“As Table 3 indicates, not all ages were sampled in this study; also, education levels indicated in the table are defined as highest parental education.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Working memory depends on prefrontal cortex, and is vulnerable to disruption from a wide range of cerebral insults.

“Like executive function more broadly, working memory depends on prefrontal cortex, and is vulnerable to disruption from a wide range of cerebral insults (see Tulsky et al., Chapter 5, this volume).”

• cites Tulsky et al., Chapter 5Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

There were 120 three- to six year olds and 88 eight- to fifteen year olds in the pediatric validation sample.

“There were a total of one hundred twenty 120 three- to six year olds and 88 eight- to fifteen year olds.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The guidance provided by the Pediatric Working Group and other working groups significantly improved the NIH Toolbox overall and strengthened its ability to obtain valid assessments from diverse populations.

“The guidance provided by the Pediatric Working Group, as well as the other working groups, significantly improved the NIH Toolbox overall and strengthened its ability to obtain valid assessments from diverse populations—not just from children.”