CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 196Child and Animal Learning DevelopmentSocial Robot Interaction and HRIFace Recognition and Perception

Self-awareness and other-awareness. II: Mirror self-recognition, social contingency awareness, and synchronic imitation

Asendorpf, Jens B., Warkentin, Veronique, Baudonnière, Pierre-Marie·1996·Developmental Psychology
DOI 10.1037/0012-1649.32.2.313
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Eighteen-month-old children were tested for mirror self-recognition using the classic rouge test or an alternative procedure, for social contingency awareness by being closely imitated for a long time, and for the capacity for communication bysynchronic mitation. The classic mirror ouge test was shown to produce false negatives. Most recognizers and nonrecognizers became aware of being imi-tated and imitated the activity of a model, but only recognizers engaged in sustained synchronic imitation of the model. The results upport our hypothesis that self-recognition a d spontaneous perspective-taking develop in close synchrony because both require a capacity for secondary representation. During the second year of life, children's ocial-cognitive competence shows a dramatic increase. They begin (a) to rec-ognize themselves in mirrors (Lewis & Brooks-Gunn, 1979), (b) to react self-consciously when in the center of others ' atten-tion (Lewis, Sullivan, Stanger, & Weiss, 1989), (c) to react with empathic behavior to victims of distress (Zahn-Waxler, Radke-Yarrow, & King, 1979), (d) to communicate with peers pre-

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/0012-1649.32.2.313

Cites

32 of 32 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Advanced social awareness has been linked with the emergence of mirror self-directed behavior and MSR in children and other species.

    “Their proclivity for the spontaneous imitation of others provides strong evidence for a high level of social awareness in this species and advanced social awareness has been linked with the emergence of mirror self-directed behavior and MSR in children and other species [2,3,47].”

    From Evidence for mirror self-recognition in beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) (2026) · cites this paper as [47]

  • Belugas' proclivity for spontaneous imitation provides strong evidence for a high level of social awareness in this species.

    “Their proclivity for the spontaneous imitation of others provides strong evidence for a high level of social awareness in this species and advanced social awareness has been linked with the emergence of mirror self-directed behavior and MSR in children and other species [2,3,47].”

    From Evidence for mirror self-recognition in beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) (2026) · cites this paper as [47]

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Asendorpf, J. B., Warkentin, V., & Baudonnière, P.-M.
Affiliations
Max Planck Society (DE)
ORCID
Asendorpf, Jens B.
Venue
Developmental Psychology
Publisher
American Psychological Association (APA)
Published
1996-03
Volume
32
Issue
2
Pages
313-321
ISSN
  • 0012-1649 (ISSN-L)
  • 1939-0599
DOI
10.1037/0012-1649.32.2.313
OpenAlex
W2056249412
Cited by
196
References
32
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 12
FWCI
5.67
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
Developmental Psychology (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Robot Interaction and HRI
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
Keywords
mirror self-recognition, self-awareness, awareness of others, perspective taking, social cognition, toddlers, self-consciousness, imitation

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review