Cited by 192Substance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesYouth, Drugs, and ViolenceCrime Patterns and Interventions

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Stepping through the drug use sequence: Longitudinal scalogram analysis of initiation and regular use.

Ellickson, Phyllis L., Hays, Ron D., Bell, Robert M.·1992·Journal of Abnormal Psychology

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Abstract

Using a new technique for tracing the sequence of use over time, this study examined the pattern of drug involvement among 4,145 West Coast adolescents over the 4-year span from Grades 7-10. During the period covered, the mid- to late 1980s, we found no evidence that cocaine has become a gateway drug. However, the data provided some support for treating cocaine initiation as a separate stage that precedes the onset of hard drugs other than pills. The analysis also showed that increased involvement with legal drugs constitutes an important step in the transition to hard drug use for most adolescents. Weekly alcohol use followed marijuana use and preceded use of all other illicit drugs for Hispanic, White, and Black youth. However, it followed use of hard drugs for Asians. Weekly smoking formed a distinct stage between initial use of pills and other hard drugs for non-Hispanic Whites. The results underscore the importance of prevention efforts aimed at curbing the transition to regular use of alcohol and cigarettes, as well as their initial use.

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Additional file 3 of Initial engagement and persistence of health risk behaviors through adolescence: longitudinal findings from urban South Africa
Kowalski, A. J., Addo, O. Y., Kramer, M. R., Martorell, R., Norris, S. A., Waford, R. N., Richter, L. M., & Stein, A. D. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13558275
Additional file 8 of Initial engagement and persistence of health risk behaviors through adolescence: longitudinal findings from urban South Africa
Kowalski, A. J., Addo, O. Y., Kramer, M. R., Martorell, R., Norris, S. A., WAFORD, R., Richter, L. M., & Stein, A. D. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13558290
Additional file 1 of Initial engagement and persistence of health risk behaviors through adolescence: longitudinal findings from urban South Africa
Kowalski, A. J., Addo, O. Y., Kramer, M. R., Martorell, R., Norris, S. A., Waford, R. N., Richter, L. M., & Stein, A. D. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13558269
Additional file 7 of Initial engagement and persistence of health risk behaviors through adolescence: longitudinal findings from urban South Africa
Kowalski, A. J., Addo, O. Y., Kramer, M. R., Martorell, R., Norris, S. A., Waford, R. N., Richter, L. M., & Stein, A. D. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13558287
Additional file 2 of Initial engagement and persistence of health risk behaviors through adolescence: longitudinal findings from urban South Africa
Kowalski, A. J., Addo, O. Y., Kramer, M. R., Martorell, R., Norris, S. A., Waford, R. N., Richter, L. M., & Stein, A. D. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13558272
Additional file 5 of Initial engagement and persistence of health risk behaviors through adolescence: longitudinal findings from urban South Africa
Kowalski, A. J., Addo, O. Y., Kramer, M. R., Martorell, R., Norris, S. A., WAFORD, R., Richter, L. M., & Stein, A. D. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13558281
Additional file 4 of Initial engagement and persistence of health risk behaviors through adolescence: longitudinal findings from urban South Africa
Kowalski, A. J., Addo, O. Y., Kramer, M. R., Martorell, R., Norris, S. A., Waford, R. N., Richter, L. M., & Stein, A. D. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13558278
Additional file 6 of Initial engagement and persistence of health risk behaviors through adolescence: longitudinal findings from urban South Africa
Kowalski, A. J., Addo, O. Y., Kramer, M. R., Martorell, R., Norris, S. A., WAFORD, R., Richter, L. M., & Stein, A. D. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13558284

Authors: Ellickson, P. L., Hays, R. D., & Bell, R. M.
Affiliations: RAND Corporation (US)
ORCID: Hays, Ron D.
Venue: Journal of Abnormal Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1992-08
Volume: 101
Issue: 3
Pages: 441-451
ISSN: 0021-843X (ISSN-L)
1939-1846
DOI: 10.1037/0021-843x.101.3.441
OpenAlex: W1999290407
Cited by: 189
References: 56
Citations by year: 2025: 1 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 4
FWCI: 2.06
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Abnormal Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Youth, Drugs, and Violence
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Crime Patterns and Interventions
Keywords: gateway drugs, cocaine, adolescent drug use, hard drug use, alcohol consumption, cannabis use, cigarette smoking, ethnic differences, substance use prevention
MeSH terms: Adolescent, California, Cross-Sectional Studies, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Personality Development, Psychotropic Drugs, Illicit Drugs, Incidence, Substance-Related Disorders

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Stepping through the drug use sequence: Longitudinal scalogram analysis of initiation and regular use.

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