Racial/Ethnic differences in smoking, drinking, and illicit drug use among American high school seniors, 1976-89.

Bachman, J G; Wallace, J M; O'Malley, P M; Johnston, L D; Kurth, C L; Neighbors, H W

doi:10.2105/ajph.81.3.372

Cited by 546Substance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesYouth, Drugs, and ViolenceSmoking Behavior and Cessation

Racial/Ethnic differences in smoking, drinking, and illicit drug use among American high school seniors, 1976-89.

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Bachman, J G, Wallace, J M, O'Malley, P M, Johnston, L D, Kurth, C L, Neighbors, H W·1991·American Journal of Public Health

DOI 10.2105/ajph.81.3.372PMC PMC1405013

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: This paper reports racial/ethnic differences in the use of licit and illicit drugs by high school seniors in the United States. METHODS: The study uses questionnaire data from annual, nationally representative surveys of seniors from 1976 through 1989. Combined sample sizes were 57,620 for 1976-79; 75,772 for 1980-84; and 73,527 for 1985-89. RESULTS: Native American had the highest prevalence rates for cigarettes, alcohol, and most illicit drugs; White students had the next highest rates for most drugs. Asian Americans had the lowest prevalence rates, and Black students had levels nearly as low except for marijuana. Prevalence rates for the Hispanic groups were mostly in the intermediate ranges except for relatively high cocaine use among the males. Trend patterns for most forms of drug use were similar across subgroups, although cigarette use declined more sharply for Black than White seniors, resulting in greater Black-White differences in recent years. CONCLUSIONS: This study, other school-based studies, and general population surveys all show relatively low levels of drug use by most non-White youth, especially Black Americans and Asian Americans. Multivariate analyses indicate that such subgroup differences in high school seniors' drug use are not primarily attributable to family composition, parents' education, region, or urban-rural distinctions.

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Proximal availability of a substance determines ease of access and provides cueing that activates neural circuitry relating to expectancies about use; it may also arouse craving.
“Proximal availability not only determines ease of access, it also provides cueing, which activates neural circuitry relating to expectancies about use. It may also arouse craving (Bachman et al., 1991; Oetting and Donnermeyer, 1998).”
From Assessment of culture and environment in the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development Study: Rationale, description of measures, and early data (2018) · cites this paper as Bachman et al., 1991

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Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper 30
Bachman, J. G., Wallace, J. M., Kurth, C. L., Johnston, L. D., Bachman, J. G., Wallace, J. M., Kurth, C. L., Johnston, L. D., & O’Malley, P. M. (2012)
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Smoking, drinking, and drug use among American high school students: correlates and trends, 1975-1979.
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Authors: Bachman, J. G., Wallace, J. M., O'Malley, P. M., Johnston, L. D., Kurth, C. L., & Neighbors, H. W.
Affiliations: University of Michigan (US)
ORCID: Bachman, J G
Wallace, J M
Johnston, L D
Neighbors, H W
Venue: American Journal of Public Health
Publisher: American Public Health Association
Published: 1991-03
Volume: 81
Issue: 3
Pages: 372-377
ISSN: 0090-0036 (ISSN-L)
1541-0048
DOI: 10.2105/ajph.81.3.372
PMC: PMC1405013
OpenAlex: W2026687066
Cited by: 545
References: 16
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 10
FWCI: 18.14
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: American Journal of Public Health (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA01411, R01DA001411)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Social Sciences › Demography › Youth, Drugs, and Violence
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
Keywords: racial and ethnic differences, adolescent drug use, high school seniors, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, illicit drug use, cannabis use, cocaine use, Asian Americans, African Americans, Hispanic Americans, Native Americans, drug use trends, family structure, parental education
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Alcohol Drinking, Asia, Black or African American, Female, Hispanic or Latino, Humans, Indians, North American, Male, Mexico, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sex Factors, Smoking, United States, Substance-Related Disorders, Black People, White People

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Racial/Ethnic differences in smoking, drinking, and illicit drug use among American high school seniors, 1976-89.

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