The DOI matches its Crossref record; 62 of the 65 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Is this happiness I see? Biases in the identification of emotional facial expressions in depression and social phobia.
Abstract
The present study was designed to examine the operation of depression-specific biases in the identification or labeling of facial expression of emotions. Participants diagnosed with major depression and social phobia and control participants were presented with faces that expressed increasing degrees of emotional intensity, slowly changing from a neutral to a full-intensity happy, sad, or angry expression. The authors assessed individual differences in the intensity of facial expression of emotion that was required for the participants to accurately identify the emotion being expressed. The depressed participants required significantly greater intensity of emotion than did the social phobic and the control participants to correctly identify happy expressions and less intensity to identify sad than angry expressions. In contrast, social phobic participants needed less intensity to correctly identify the angry expressions than did the depressed and control participants and less intensity to identify angry than sad expressions. Implications of these results for interpersonal functioning in depression and social phobia are discussed.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“depressed patients required significantly greater intensity of emotion to correctly identify happy expressions as happy both in acute stages (Joormann and Gotlib, 2006;Münkler et al., 2015) and in remission (LeMoult et al., 2009).”
From Social functioning in major depressive disorder (2016) · cites this paper as Joormann and Gotlib, 2006
In the citing paper
“Deficits purported to fall within the domain of EF have commonly been found in individuals with depression using neuropsychological tests (Channon et al. 1993; Gohier, et al. 2009; Porter et al. 2003; Purcell et al. 1997; for a review see, Snyder 2013), other behavioral tasks (Joormann and Gotlib 2008; Rose and Ebmeier 2006), and self-report measures (Warren, Heller, and Miller, under review).”
From Executive Function Deficits in Daily Life Prospectively Predict Increases in Depressive Symptoms (2014) · cites this paper as Joormann and Gotlib 2008
In the citing paper
“EF deficits have been associated with higher levels of rumination and greater EF deficits in individuals with depression have been associated with higher levels of rumination (Davis and Nolen-Hoeksema 2000; Joormann and Gotlib 2008).”
From Executive Function Deficits in Daily Life Prospectively Predict Increases in Depressive Symptoms (2014) · cites this paper as Joormann and Gotlib 2008
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
(1970) · Cited by 24,983
Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., & Walters, E. E. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617 · Cited by 12,052
Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Carbin, M. G. (1988) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(88)90050-5 · Cited by 11,696
(1975) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 7,245
Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications
Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1991) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.100.3.316 · Cited by 4,601
Ekman, P. (1976) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,345
A cognitive-behavioral model of anxiety in social phobia
Rapee, R. M., & Heimberg, R. G. (1997) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(97)00022-3 · Cited by 2,987
A cognitive model of social phobia
Adrian Wells, A. (1995) · Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) · Cited by 2,701
STAI manual for the State-trait anxiety inventory
Cd, S. (1970) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,433
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 401–438 of 438
The Role of Registration and Representation in Facial Affect Analysis
Sarıyanidi, E., Güneş, H., & Cavallaro, A. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801851-4.00012-4
Ito, K. (2010) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r3xp51
Plana, I. (2013) · Corpus Université Laval (Université Laval)
Neurocognitive Mechanisms for Detecting Early Phase of Depressive Disorder
Tarai, S. (2019) · Advances in medical technologies and clinical practice book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-8567-1.ch010
Znoj, H., & Abegglen, S. (2012) · Journal für Ästhetische Chirurgie · doi:10.1007/s12631-012-0193-0
Judah, M. R., Hager, N., Milam, A. L., Ramsey-Wilson, G., Hamrick, H. C., & Sutton, T. G. (2022) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2022.41.6.578
Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD): Etiological, Cognitive, and Neuroscientific Aspects
Azab, M. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-19362-0_2
Un caso clinico di ansia sociale
Staiano, M., & Grimaldi, P. (2023) · QUADERNI DI PSICOTERAPIA COGNITIVA · doi:10.3280/qpc51-2022oa15184
The divide between daily event appraisal and emotion experience in major depression
Panaite, V., & Cohen, N. (2023) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2023.2205630
Monitoring System for Detecting Non-inclusive Situations in Smart Cities
Flórez, S. L., González‐Briones, A., Pavón, J., Fuentes‐Fernández, R., & Corchado, J. M. (2023) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-36957-5_35
A Data-Centric Approach for Detecting a Neutral Facial Expression using Deep LearningPreprint
Sousa, L. M., Canedo, D., Drummond, M. V., Ferreira, J. P., & Neves, A. J. R. (2023) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202310.1433.v1
Subjective emotional experience mediates cross-cultural differences in emotion perceptionPreprint
Li, R., Briers, T., & McDonald, S. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3519545/v1
Watanabe, S., & Hasegawa, M. (2024) · Transactions of Japan Society of Kansei Engineering · doi:10.5057/jjske.tjske-d-24-00011
Cognitive and Behavioral Models of Mental Function and Behavior
Brown, G. K., Mandel, A. A., & Wright, J. H. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-51366-5_27
STEMorph: a set of morphed emotional face stimuli from angry to happy derived from NimStim
Katebi, M. E., Ghafari, M. H., & Ghafari, T. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1751625
RECONHECIMENTO DE EXPRESSÕES FACIAIS DE MENONITAS COM SINTOMAS DE ANSIEDADE
Mallmann, M. B., Leal, A. C., & Barbosa, E. G. (2025) · doi:10.29327/5552288.2024-3
Boissard, É. (2025) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2025.2562056
Xu, H., Jarrett, M. A., Boxmeyer, C. L., Xiong, Y., Bui, C., Powell, N. P., Ward, V. R., Gifford, O. N., & White, B. A. (2025) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457942510076x · Cited by 1
L’humeur dépressive : phénoménologie, intentionnalité, rôle fonctionnel
Boissard, É. (2025) · Revue philosophique de la France et de l étranger · doi:10.3917/rphi.253.0369
Kang, J. C., Ng, J., Kaiser, M., Choi, H., Song, J., & Jung, J. (2026) · Neuromodulation Technology at the Neural Interface · doi:10.1016/j.neurom.2026.04.016
Low mood, not anxiety, connected with micro facial expression recognition
Wezowski, K., & Penton-Voak, I. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-26921-1
Luo, X., Zhong, H., & Mei, G. (2025) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2025.2596318
Characteristics of Emotion Recognition in College Students with Depressed State
李, 舒. (2025) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2025.1512633
Derakhshan, D., Lipsman, N., Feinstein, A., LEVITT, A. J., Eizenman, M., Rabin, J. S., & Giacobbe, P. (2025) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2025.1696560 · Cited by 1
Kognitive Verhaltenstherapie und mehr!
Jelinek, L., & Moritz, S. (2015) · InFo Neurologie + Psychiatrie · doi:10.1007/s15005-015-1130-5
Additional file 1 of Efficient visual search for facial emotions in patients with major depression
Bodenschatz, C. M., Czepluch, F., Kersting, A., & Suslow, T. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13939938
A Toxina Botulínica Tipo A no Tratamento do Transtorno Depressivo Maior: Uma Revisão da Literatura
de Oliveira, A. M. F., Fidélis, K. A. D. O., & Querobino, S. M. (2026) · ID on line REVISTA DE PSICOLOGIA · doi:10.14295/idonline.v20i81.4401
Song, X., Leng, J., Wu, X., Yang, S., & Luo, F. (2026) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence14080169
Change detection of task-relevant and task-irrelevant emotional faces: behavioural and ERP evidence
Liu, X., Li, X., Dadatskaja, A., Kreegipuu, K., Vuoriainen, E., Kangas, E. S., & Astikainen, P. (2026) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2026.2742333
Yang, C.-C., Tsai, Y., Chiu, S.-S., Liu, T., & Juan, C.-H. (2026) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-026-01505-2
蔡, 畅. (2026) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2026.1610504
Bakerman, D. (2013) · uO Research (University of Ottawa) · doi:10.20381/ruor-2951
Metadata
- Authors
- Joormann, J., & Gotlib, I. H.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology
- Published
- 2006-11
- Volume
- 115
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 705-714
- ISSN
- 0021-843X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1846
- OpenAlex
- W2127699202
- Cited by
- 438
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 41 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 36 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 10.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- German Research Foundation (JO/399-1; JO/399-2)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH59259)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- emotional facial expressions, emotion recognition, depression, social anxiety disorder, emotional intensity, happiness, sadness, anger, interpersonal functioning
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Affect, Depressive Disorder, Major, Major Depressive Disorder, Facial Expression, Happiness, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Middle Aged, Phobic Disorders, Severity of Illness Index, Visual Perception, Expressed Emotion, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review