The DOI matches its Crossref record; 62 of the 65 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Is this happiness I see? Biases in the identification of emotional facial expressions in depression and social phobia.
Abstract
The present study was designed to examine the operation of depression-specific biases in the identification or labeling of facial expression of emotions. Participants diagnosed with major depression and social phobia and control participants were presented with faces that expressed increasing degrees of emotional intensity, slowly changing from a neutral to a full-intensity happy, sad, or angry expression. The authors assessed individual differences in the intensity of facial expression of emotion that was required for the participants to accurately identify the emotion being expressed. The depressed participants required significantly greater intensity of emotion than did the social phobic and the control participants to correctly identify happy expressions and less intensity to identify sad than angry expressions. In contrast, social phobic participants needed less intensity to correctly identify the angry expressions than did the depressed and control participants and less intensity to identify angry than sad expressions. Implications of these results for interpersonal functioning in depression and social phobia are discussed.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“depressed patients required significantly greater intensity of emotion to correctly identify happy expressions as happy both in acute stages (Joormann and Gotlib, 2006;Münkler et al., 2015) and in remission (LeMoult et al., 2009).”
From Social functioning in major depressive disorder (2016) · cites this paper as Joormann and Gotlib, 2006
In the citing paper
“Deficits purported to fall within the domain of EF have commonly been found in individuals with depression using neuropsychological tests (Channon et al. 1993; Gohier, et al. 2009; Porter et al. 2003; Purcell et al. 1997; for a review see, Snyder 2013), other behavioral tasks (Joormann and Gotlib 2008; Rose and Ebmeier 2006), and self-report measures (Warren, Heller, and Miller, under review).”
From Executive Function Deficits in Daily Life Prospectively Predict Increases in Depressive Symptoms (2014) · cites this paper as Joormann and Gotlib 2008
In the citing paper
“EF deficits have been associated with higher levels of rumination and greater EF deficits in individuals with depression have been associated with higher levels of rumination (Davis and Nolen-Hoeksema 2000; Joormann and Gotlib 2008).”
From Executive Function Deficits in Daily Life Prospectively Predict Increases in Depressive Symptoms (2014) · cites this paper as Joormann and Gotlib 2008
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
(1970) · Cited by 24,983
Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., & Walters, E. E. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617 · Cited by 12,052
Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Carbin, M. G. (1988) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(88)90050-5 · Cited by 11,696
(1975) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 7,245
Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications
Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1991) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.100.3.316 · Cited by 4,601
Ekman, P. (1976) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,345
A cognitive-behavioral model of anxiety in social phobia
Rapee, R. M., & Heimberg, R. G. (1997) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(97)00022-3 · Cited by 2,987
A cognitive model of social phobia
Adrian Wells, A. (1995) · Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) · Cited by 2,701
STAI manual for the State-trait anxiety inventory
Cd, S. (1970) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,433
The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID)
Williams, J. B. W. (1992) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820080038006 · Cited by 1,641
Comorbidity of anxiety and unipolar mood disorders
Mineka, S., Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1998) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.377 · Cited by 1,573
Brown, T. A., Campbell, L. A., Lehman, C. L., Grisham, J. R., & Mancill, R. B. (2001) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.110.4.585 · Cited by 1,562
Watson, D., Weber, K., Assenheimer, J. S., Clark, L. A., Strauss, M. E., & McCormick, R. A. (1995) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.104.1.3 · Cited by 1,423
Brown, T. A., Chorpita, B. F., & Barlow, D. H. (1998) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.107.2.179 · Cited by 1,400
Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1976) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf01115465 · Cited by 1,242
Social phobia : diagnosis, assessment, and treatment
Heimberg, R. G. (1995) · Guilford Press eBooks · Cited by 1,067
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., Weber, K., Assenheimer, J. S., Strauss, M. E., & McCormick, R. A. (1995) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.104.1.15 · Cited by 1,002
Gotlib, I. H., & Hammen, C. L. (2002) · Cited by 980
Self-citationAttentional biases for negative interpersonal stimuli in clinical depression
Gotlib, I. H., Krasnoperova, E., Yue, D. N., & Joormann, J. (2004) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.113.1.121 · Cited by 911
Self-citationEmotional bias and inhibitory control processes in mania and depression
MURPHY, F. C., SAHAKIAN, B. J., RUBINSZTEIN, J. S., MICHAEL, A., ROGERS, R. D., ROBBINS, T. W., & PAYKEL, E. S. (1999) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291799001233 · Cited by 659
Selective Attention to Angry Faces in Clinical Social Phobia.
Mogg, K., Philippot, P., & Bradley, B. P. (2004) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.113.1.160 · Cited by 582
Surguladze, S. A., Young, A. W., Senior, C., Brébion, G., Travis, M. J., & Phillips, M. L. (2004) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.18.2.212 · Cited by 525
Facial emotion discrimination: II. Behavioral findings in depression
Gur, R. C., Erwin, R. J., Gur, R. E., Zwil, A. S., Heimberg, C., & Kraemer, H. C. (1992) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(92)90116-k · Cited by 500
The heart's eye: Emotional influences in perception and attention.
Niedenthal, P. M., & Kitayama, S. (1994) · Cited by 455
Comprehensive clinical psychology
(1999) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.36-4766 · Cited by 409
Social anxiety and attention away from emotional faces
Mansell, W., Clark, D. M., Ehlers, A., & Chen, Y.-P. (1999) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/026999399379032 · Cited by 397
Coherence and Specificity of Information-Processing Biases in Depression and Social Phobia.
Gotlib, I. H., Kasch, K. L., Traill, S., Joormann, J., Arnow, B. A., & Johnson, S. L. (2004) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.113.3.386 · Cited by 396
Self-citationAttentional Biases for Facial Expressions in Social Phobia: The Face-in-the-Crowd Paradigm
Gilboa-Schechtman, E., Foa, E. B., & Amir, N. (1999) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/026999399379294 · Cited by 366
Facial Discrimination and Emotional Recognition in Schizophrenia and Affective Disorders
Feinberg, T. E. (1986) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1986.01800030094010 · Cited by 363
High interrater reliability for the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Axis I (SCID-I)
Skre, I., Onstad, S., Torgersen, S., & Kringlen, E. (1991) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1991.tb03123.x · Cited by 353
Nonverbal Decoding Skills and Relationship Well-Being in Adults
Carton, J. S., Kessler, E. A., & Pape, C. L. (1999) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1023/a:1021339410262 · Cited by 352
Patients with generalized social phobia direct their attention away from faces
Chen, Y. P., Ehlers, A., Clark, D. M., & Mansell, W. (2002) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(01)00086-9 · Cited by 325
Persad, S. M., & Polivy, J. (1993) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.102.3.358 · Cited by 297
Social anxiety, fear of negative evaluation and the detection of negative emotion in others
Winton, E. C., Clark, D. M., & Edelmann, R. J. (1995) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)e0019-f · Cited by 273
Impaired recognition of affect in facial expression in depressed patients
Rubinow, D. R., & Post, R. M. (1992) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(92)90120-o · Cited by 264
Bouhuys, A. L., Geerts, E., & Gordijn, M. C. M. (1999) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-199910000-00002 · Cited by 235
Михайлова, Е. С., Vladimirova, T. V., Изнак, А. Ф., Tsusulkovskaya, E. J., & Sushko, N. V. (1996) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(96)00032-7 · Cited by 233
Dynamic Properties Influence the Perception of Facial Expressions
Kamachi, M., Bruce, V., Mukaida, S., Gyoba, J., Yoshikawa, S., & Akamatsu, S. (2013) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p3131n · Cited by 215
Depression in its interpersonal context.
Joiner, T. E., & Timmons, K. A. (2002) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · Cited by 204
Walker, E. F., McGuire, M., & Bettes, B. A. (1984) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1984.tb00624.x · Cited by 203
Gotlib, I., & Asarnow, R. (1979) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.47.1.86 · Cited by 199
Self-citationDETECTION OF FACIAL EXPRESSIONS OF EMOTIONS IN DEPRESSION
Suslow, T., Junghanns, K., & Arolt, V. (2001) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.2001.92.3.857 · Cited by 187
(2013) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315808123 · Cited by 185
Adult attachment and the perception of facial expression of emotion.
Niedenthal, P. M., Bräuer, M., Robin, L., & Innes-Ker, Å. H. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.3.419 · Cited by 180
BRIEF REPORT The dynamic aspects of emotional facial expressions
Sato, W., & Yoshikawa, S. (2004) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930341000176 · Cited by 169
Judgment of facial expressions and depression persistence
Hale, W. W. (1998) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(98)00070-5 · Cited by 158
Memory bias for emotional facial expressions in major depression
Ridout, N., Astell, A., Reid, I., Glen, T., & O'Carroll, R. (2003) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930302272 · Cited by 155
Gilboa-Schechtman, E., Erhard-Weiss, D., & Jeczemien, P. (2002) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(02)00266-4 · Cited by 135
Biased information processing as a vulnerability factor for depression
Gotlib, I. H., & Krasnoperova, E. N. (1998) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(98)80020-8 · Cited by 133
Self-citationSocial phobia in the primary care medical setting.
Stein, M. B., McQuaid, J. R., Laffaye, C., & McCahill, M. E. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 98
Multichannel communication of emotion: Synthetic signal production.
Heß, U., Kappas, A., & Scherer, K. R. (1988) · Cited by 74
Memory of Faces: A Slow Wave ERP Study of Major Depression.
Deveney, C. M., & Deldin, P. J. (2004) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.4.3.295 · Cited by 66
Decoding of Facial Emotions, in Terms of Expressiveness, by Schizophrenics and Depressives
Mandal, M. (1987) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00332747.1987.11024368 · Cited by 65
Automatic Emotion: Attention and Facial Efference
Hansen, C., & Hansen, R. D. (1994) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-410560-7.50016-8 · Cited by 64
A slow wave investigation of working memory biases in mood disorders.
Deldin, P. J., Deveney, C. M., Kim, A. S., Casas, B. R., & Best, J. L. (2001) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.110.2.267 · Cited by 59
Geerts, E., & Bouhuys, N. (1998) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(98)00021-3 · Cited by 58
Discrimination of facial expressions of emotion by depressed subjects.
Cooley, E. L., & Nowicki, S. (1989) · PubMed · Cited by 57
Bouhuys, A. L., Geerts, E., & Gordijn, M. C. M. (1999) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(99)00003-7 · Cited by 52
Fisher-Beckfield, D., & McFall, R. M. (1982) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.50.5.697 · Cited by 41
Dynamic properties influence the perception of facial
Bruce, V., & Mukaida, S. (2001) · Cited by 23
Value priorities and subjective well-being: Direct relations and congruity effects
Sagiv, L., & Schwartz, S. H. (2000) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0992(200003/04)30:2
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Cognition and Depression: Current Status and Future Directions
Gotlib, I. H., & Joormann, J. (2010) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131305 · Cited by 2,420
Self-citationDepression, Stress, and Anhedonia: Toward a Synthesis and Integrated Model
Pizzagalli, D. A. (2014) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185606 · Cited by 1,155
Depression: A cognitive perspective
LeMoult, J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2019) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2018.06.008 · Cited by 792
Self-citationSocial functioning in major depressive disorder
Kupferberg, A., Bicks, L., & Hasler, G. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.002 · Cited by 663
Oxytocin Attenuates Amygdala Reactivity to Fear in Generalized Social Anxiety Disorder
Labuschagne, I., Phan, K. L., Wood, A., Angstadt, M., Chua, P., Heinrichs, M., Stout, J. C., & Nathan, P. J. (2010) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2010.123 · Cited by 549
Metadata
- Authors
- Joormann, J., & Gotlib, I. H.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology
- Published
- 2006-11
- Volume
- 115
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 705-714
- ISSN
- 0021-843X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1846
- OpenAlex
- W2127699202
- Cited by
- 438
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 41 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 36 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 10.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- German Research Foundation (JO/399-1; JO/399-2)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH59259)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- emotional facial expressions, emotion recognition, depression, social anxiety disorder, emotional intensity, happiness, sadness, anger, interpersonal functioning
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Affect, Depressive Disorder, Major, Major Depressive Disorder, Facial Expression, Happiness, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Middle Aged, Phobic Disorders, Severity of Illness Index, Visual Perception, Expressed Emotion, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
